概率是指事件发生次数的机会。用简单的语言来说,很可能会发生一个事件。概率的概念可以应用于一些实验,例如抛硬币,掷骰子和玩纸牌等。
理论概率简介
想象一下,您计划打板球,并且大家都聚集在了地上,并且在比赛开始时就扔了硬币。硬币一旦翻转,由于牛顿的万有引力定律,它就碰到了天空的极限并降落。对方的热情高涨的队长喊着尾巴,但最终变成了元首。欢呼!!你赢了折腾。我知道您已经投入了尽可能多的时间来投掷硬币,但是您是否曾经想过您实际上是在用一种称为概率的数学方法进行实验。是的,这是概率!
掷硬币与概率有什么关系?
一掷硬币,结果便是随机的。它可能是尾巴还是头部。 (我知道硬币可以落在边缘,但是为了简化起见,我们忽略了这种情况)。从所有可能的结果中,我们可以说“正面和反面”的结果同等可能。
理论和实验概率
理论概率
理论概率处理假设,以避免不可行或昂贵的重复实验。事件A的理论概率可以如下计算:
P(A) = Number of outcomes favorable to Event A / Number of all possible outcomes
Note: Here we assume the outcomes of an event as equally likely.
现在,当我们学习公式时,让我们将此公式放入投币箱中。投掷硬币有两个结果:头或尾。因此,投掷硬币时发生正面的概率为
P(高)= 1/2
同样,投掷硬币时出现尾巴的概率为
P(T)= 1/2
实验概率
通过重复实验并观察结果可以发现实验概率。事件A的实验概率可以如下计算:
P(E) = Number of trials taken in which event A happened / Total number of trials
现在,当我们学习公式时,让我们将此公式放入投币箱中。如果我们抛硬币10次,记录正面4次,记录尾6次,那么抛硬币时发生头的概率为:
P(高)= 4/10
同样,投掷硬币时发生尾部的可能性:
P(T)= 6/10
例子
让我们举一些例子来更好地理解理论概率。
问题1:考虑我们有一个装有7个红色大理石,3个绿色大理石和4个蓝色大理石的罐子。从广口瓶中随机选择一种非蓝色大理石的可能性是多少?
解决方案:
Now we have Red Marbles = 7, Green Marbles = 3, Blue Marbles = 4
So, Total number of possible outcomes in this case: 7 + 3 + 4 = 14
Now, Number of non-blue marbles are: 7 + 3 = 10
According to the formula of theoretical Probability we can find, P(H) = 10/14 = 5/7
Hence, We calculate the theoretical probability of non-blue marble as 5/7.
问题2:考虑有两名选手Naveena和Isha参加乒乓球比赛。 Naveena赢得比赛的概率为0.76。伊沙(Isha)赢得比赛的概率是多少?
解决方案:
Let N and M represent the events that Naveena wins the match and Ashlesha wins the match, respectively.
The probability of Naveena’s winning = P(N) = 0.62 (given)
The probability of Isha’s winning = P(I) = 1 – P(N)
P(I) = 1 – 0.62 = 0.38
Thus, the Probability of Isha winning the match is 0.38.
问题3:如果您从52张卡片组中取出一张卡片,那么该卡片成为心脏的几率是多少?您被发给7的概率是多少?您吸引了三颗心的概率是多少?
解决方案:
解决方案:
There are 13 hearts in a deck of 52 cards. P(heart) = 13/52 = 1/4
There are 4 sevens in the deck of 52. P(three) = 4/52 = 1/13
There are only one three of hearts. P(seven and heart) = 1/52
问题4:找出掷出包含1-6的骰子时,掷出偶数的可能性。用小数,小数,比率和百分比表示概率吗?
解决方案:
We know that, Out of 1 to 6, The possible even numbers are 2, 4, 6.
The number of favorable outcomes = 3.
Total number of outcomes = 6
The probability = 1/2 (fraction) = 0.5 (decimal) = 1 : 2 (ratio) = 50% (percent)