📜  HSQLDB-联接

📅  最后修改于: 2020-11-27 05:09:27             🧑  作者: Mango


只要需要使用单个查询从多个表中检索数据,就可以使用RDBMS中的JOINS。您可以在单个SQL查询中使用多个表。 HSQLDB中的联接行为是指将两个或多个表粉碎为一个表。

考虑以下“客户和订单”表。

Customer:
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID |   NAME   | AGE |  ADDRESS  |  SALARY  |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1  |  Ramesh  | 32  | Ahmedabad |  2000.00 |
| 2  |  Khilan  | 25  |   Delhi   |  1500.00 |
| 3  |  kaushik | 23  |   Kota    |  2000.00 |
| 4  | Chaitali | 25  |   Mumbai  |  6500.00 |
| 5  |  Hardik  | 27  |   Bhopal  |  8500.00 |
| 6  |  Komal   | 22  |    MP     |  4500.00 |
| 7  |  Muffy   | 24  |   Indore  | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
Orders:
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
|OID  |         DATE        | CUSTOMER_ID | AMOUNT |
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
| 102 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |      3      |  3000  |
| 100 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |      3      |  1500  |
| 101 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |      2      |  1560  |
| 103 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |      4      |  2060  |
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+

现在,让我们尝试检索客户的数据以及各个客户下的订单金额。这意味着我们正在从客户表和订单表中检索记录数据。我们可以通过使用HSQLDB中的JOINS概念来实现。以下是对JOIN的查询。

SELECT ID, NAME, AGE, AMOUNT FROM CUSTOMERS, ORDERS WHERE CUSTOMERS.ID =
ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID;

执行上述查询后,您将收到以下输出。

+----+----------+-----+--------+
| ID |   NAME   | AGE | AMOUNT |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
|  3 | kaushik  |  23 |  3000  |
|  3 | kaushik  |  23 |  1500  |
|  2 | Khilan   |  25 |  1560  |
|  4 | Chaitali |  25 |  2060  |
+----+----------+-----+--------+

联接类型

HSQLDB中有不同类型的联接。

  • INNER JOIN-两个表中都匹配时返回行。

  • LEFT JOIN-返回左表中的所有行,即使右表中没有匹配项。

  • RIGHT JOIN-返回右表中的所有行,即使左表中没有匹配项。

  • FULL JOIN-当其中一张表匹配时,返回行。

  • SELF JOIN-用于将一个表与其自身连接,就好像该表是两个表一样,在SQL语句中临时重命名至少一个表。

内部联接

连接中最常用和最重要的是INNER JOIN。它也称为EQUIJOIN。

INNER JOIN通过基于连接谓词组合两个表(table1和table2)的列值来创建新的结果表。该查询将table1的每一行与table2的每一行进行比较,以找到满足联接谓词的所有行对。当满足连接谓词时,每对匹配的行A和行B的列值将合并为结果行。

句法

INNER JOIN的基本语法如下。

SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2...
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.common_field = table2.common_field;

考虑以下两个表,一个标题为CUSTOMERS表,另一个标题为ORDERS表,如下所示-

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID |   NAME   | AGE |  ADDRESS  | SALARY   |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1  |  Ramesh  | 32  | Ahmedabad | 2000.00  |
| 2  |  Khilan  | 25  |   Delhi   | 1500.00  |
| 3  |  kaushik | 23  |   Kota    | 2000.00  |
| 4  | Chaitali | 25  |   Mumbai  | 6500.00  |
| 5  |  Hardik  | 27  |   Bhopal  | 8500.00  |
| 6  |  Komal   | 22  |     MP    | 4500.00  |
| 7  |  Muffy   | 24  |   Indore  | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
| OID |         DATE        | CUSTOMER_ID | AMOUNT |
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
| 102 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |      3      | 3000   |
| 100 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |      3      | 1500   |
| 101 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |      2      | 1560   |
| 103 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |      4      | 2060   |
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+

现在,让我们使用INNER JOIN查询联接这两个表,如下所示:

SELECT ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE FROM CUSTOMERS
INNER JOIN ORDERS
ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID;

执行上述查询后,您将收到以下输出。

+----+----------+--------+---------------------+
| ID |   NAME   | AMOUNT |         DATE        |
+----+----------+--------+---------------------+
| 3  |  kaushik |  3000  | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
| 3  |  kaushik |  1500  | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
| 2  |  Khilan  |  1560  | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |
| 4  | Chaitali |  2060  | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |
+----+----------+--------+---------------------+

左加入

HSQLDB LEFT JOIN返回左表中的所有行,即使右表中没有匹配项也是如此。这意味着,如果ON子句与右表中的0(零)条记录匹配,则联接仍将在结果中返回一行,但右表中的每一列都为NULL。

这意味着左联接返回左表中的所有值,再加上右表中的匹配值;如果没有匹配的联接谓词,则返回NULL。

句法

LEFT JOIN的基本语法如下-

SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2...
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.common_field = table2.common_field;

在此,给定条件可以是根据您的要求的任何给定表达式。

考虑以下两个表,一个标题为CUSTOMERS表,另一个标题为ORDERS表,如下所示-

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID |   NAME   | AGE |  ADDRESS  | SALARY   |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1  |  Ramesh  | 32  | Ahmedabad | 2000.00  |
| 2  |  Khilan  | 25  |   Delhi   | 1500.00  |
| 3  |  kaushik | 23  |   Kota    | 2000.00  |
| 4  | Chaitali | 25  |   Mumbai  | 6500.00  |
| 5  |  Hardik  | 27  |   Bhopal  | 8500.00  |
| 6  |  Komal   | 22  |    MP     | 4500.00  |
| 7  |  Muffy   | 24  |  Indore   | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
| OID |        DATE         | CUSTOMER_ID | AMOUNT |
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
| 102 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |     3       | 3000   |
| 100 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |     3       | 1500   |
| 101 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |     2       | 1560   |
| 103 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |     4       | 2060   |
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+

现在,让我们使用LEFT JOIN查询联接这两个表,如下所示:

SELECT ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE FROM CUSTOMERS
LEFT JOIN ORDERS
ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID;

执行上述查询后,您将收到以下输出-

+----+----------+--------+---------------------+
| ID |   NAME   | AMOUNT |         DATE        |
+----+----------+--------+---------------------+
|  1 |  Ramesh  |  NULL  |        NULL         |
|  2 |  Khilan  |  1560  | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |
|  3 |  kaushik |  3000  | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
|  3 |  kaushik |  1500  | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
|  4 | Chaitali |  2060  | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |
|  5 |  Hardik  |  NULL  |        NULL         |
|  6 |  Komal   |  NULL  |        NULL         |
|  7 |  Muffy   |  NULL  |        NULL         |
+----+----------+--------+---------------------+

正确加入

即使左表中没有匹配项,HSQLDB RIGHT JOIN也会返回右表中的所有行。这意味着,如果ON子句与左表中的0(零)条记录匹配,则联接仍将返回结果行,但左表中的每一列都为NULL。

这意味着右连接返回右表中的所有值,再加上左表中的匹配值;如果没有匹配的连接谓词,则返回NULL。

句法

RIGHT JOIN的基本语法如下-

SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2...
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.common_field = table2.common_field;

考虑以下两个表,一个标题为CUSTOMERS表,另一个标题为ORDERS表,如下所示-

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID |   NAME   | AGE |  ADDRESS  |  SALARY  |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1  |  Ramesh  | 32  | Ahmedabad |  2000.00 |
| 2  |  Khilan  | 25  |   Delhi   |  1500.00 |
| 3  |  kaushik | 23  |   Kota    |  2000.00 |
| 4  | Chaitali | 25  |   Mumbai  |  6500.00 |
| 5  |  Hardik  | 27  |   Bhopal  |  8500.00 |
| 6  |  Komal   | 22  |     MP    |  4500.00 |
| 7  |  Muffy   | 24  |   Indore  | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
| OID |       DATE          | CUSTOMER_ID | AMOUNT |
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
| 102 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |      3      |  3000  |
| 100 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |      3      |  1500  |
| 101 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |      2      |  1560  |
| 103 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |      4      |  2060  |
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+

现在,让我们使用RIGHT JOIN查询联接这两个表,如下所示:

SELECT ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE FROM CUSTOMERS
RIGHT JOIN ORDERS
ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID;

执行以上查询后,您将收到以下结果。

+------+----------+--------+---------------------+
|  ID  |   NAME   | AMOUNT |        DATE         |
+------+----------+--------+---------------------+
|  3   |  kaushik |  3000  | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
|  3   |  kaushik |  1500  | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
|  2   |  Khilan  |  1560  | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |
|  4   | Chaitali |  2060  | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |
+------+----------+--------+---------------------+

完全加入

HSQLDB FULL JOIN组合了左右外部联接的结果。

联接的表将包含两个表中的所有记录,并为任一侧缺少的匹配项填充NULL。

句法

FULL JOIN的基本语法如下:

SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2...
FROM table1
FULL JOIN table2
ON table1.common_field = table2.common_field;

在此,给定条件可以是根据您的要求的任何给定表达式。

考虑以下两个表,一个标题为CUSTOMERS表,另一个标题为ORDERS表,如下所示-

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID |   NAME   | AGE |  ADDRESS  |  SALARY  |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
|  1 |  Ramesh  | 32  | Ahmedabad | 2000.00  |
|  2 |  Khilan  | 25  |   Delhi   | 1500.00  |
|  3 |  kaushik | 23  |   Kota    | 2000.00  |
|  4 | Chaitali | 25  |   Mumbai  | 6500.00  |
|  5 |  Hardik  | 27  |   Bhopal  | 8500.00  |
|  6 |  Komal   | 22  |   MP      | 4500.00  |
|  7 |  Muffy   | 24  |   Indore  | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
| OID |         DATE        | CUSTOMER_ID | AMOUNT |
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
| 102 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |    3        | 3000   |
| 100 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |    3        | 1500   |
| 101 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |    2        | 1560   |
| 103 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |    4        | 2060   |
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+

现在,让我们使用FULL JOIN查询联接这两个表,如下所示:

SELECT ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE FROM CUSTOMERS
FULL JOIN ORDERS
ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID;

执行以上查询后,您将收到以下结果。

+------+----------+--------+---------------------+
|  ID  |    NAME  | AMOUNT |        DATE         |
+------+----------+--------+---------------------+
|   1  |  Ramesh  |  NULL  |        NULL         |
|   2  |  Khilan  |  1560  | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |
|   3  |  kaushik |  3000  | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
|   3  |  kaushik |  1500  | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
|   4  | Chaitali |  2060  | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |
|   5  |  Hardik  |  NULL  |        NULL         |
|   6  |   Komal  |  NULL  |        NULL         |
|   7  |   Muffy  |  NULL  |        NULL         |
|   3  |  kaushik |  3000  | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
|   3  |  kaushik |  1500  | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
|   2  |  Khilan  |  1560  | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |
|   4  | Chaitali |  2060  | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |
+------+----------+--------+---------------------+

自我加入

SQL SELF JOIN用于将表联接到自身,就像该表是两个表一样,从而在SQL语句中临时重命名至少一个表。

句法

SELF JOIN的基本语法如下-

SELECT a.column_name, b.column_name...
FROM table1 a, table1 b
WHERE a.common_field = b.common_field;

在这里,WHERE子句可以是根据您的要求的任何给定表达式。

考虑以下两个表,一个标题为CUSTOMERS表,另一个标题为ORDERS表,如下所示-

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID |    NAME  | AGE |   ADDRESS |   SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
|  1 |  Ramesh  |  32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00  |
|  2 |  Khilan  |  25 |   Delhi   | 1500.00  |
|  3 |  kaushik |  23 |   Kota    | 2000.00  |
|  4 | Chaitali |  25 |   Mumbai  | 6500.00  |
|  5 |  Hardik  |  27 |   Bhopal  | 8500.00  |
|  6 |  Komal   |  22 |   MP      | 4500.00  |
|  7 |  Muffy   |  24 |   Indore  | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

现在,让我们使用SELF JOIN查询联接该表,如下所示:

SELECT a.ID, b.NAME, a.SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS a, CUSTOMERS b
WHERE a.SALARY > b.SALARY;

执行上述查询后,您将收到以下输出-

+----+----------+---------+
| ID |   NAME   | SALARY  |
+----+----------+---------+
| 2  |  Ramesh  | 1500.00 |
| 2  |  kaushik | 1500.00 |
| 1  | Chaitali | 2000.00 |
| 2  | Chaitali | 1500.00 |
| 3  | Chaitali | 2000.00 |
| 6  | Chaitali | 4500.00 |
| 1  |  Hardik  | 2000.00 |
| 2  |  Hardik  | 1500.00 |
| 3  |  Hardik  | 2000.00 |
| 4  |  Hardik  | 6500.00 |
| 6  |  Hardik  | 4500.00 |
| 1  |  Komal   | 2000.00 |
| 2  |  Komal   | 1500.00 |
| 3  |  Komal   | 2000.00 |
| 1  |  Muffy   | 2000.00 |
| 2  |  Muffy   | 1500.00 |
| 3  |  Muffy   | 2000.00 |
| 4  |  Muffy   | 6500.00 |
| 5  |  Muffy   | 8500.00 |
| 6  |  Muffy   | 4500.00 |
+----+----------+---------+