纯物质和不纯物质
物质是与一组确定的性质和成分相关的物质。每一种纯净的化合物和元素都是一种物质。物质是由原子和分子组成的物质。每种物质都有特定的重量和体积。它不能通过执行任何物理过程分离成其他不同类型的物质。
例子:
- 银
- 盐
- 金属、非金属
纯物质
纯物质由单一或原子类型的粒子组成。它们具有恒定的结构。纯物质可以进一步分为元素和化合物:
元素被认为是由单一类型的原子组成的纯物质。它既不能通过物理或化学过程的任何过程分解,也不能转化为新物质。元素主要分为金属、非金属或准金属。例如,金和银是元素。
化合物是一种纯物质,其中两种或多种元素使用化学方法以固定的定义比例结合。这些物质可以通过化学方法分解并转化为新物质。例如,二氧化碳。
纯物质的性质
纯物质具有以下性质:
- 几乎所有的都是同质的。
- 具有固定的熔点和沸点。
- 组成均匀。
例子
- 糖
- 小苏打
- 氧
- 氨
- 水
- 蛋白质
- 钻石
- 氯
不纯物质
不纯物质,也称为混合物,由属于不同类型的原子或分子组成。它们始终不具有恒定或固定的结构。通过使用不同的分离技术,可以将不纯物质转化为纯物质。例如,萘球和食盐的混合物可以通过升华进行分离。升华导致提取食盐,因为樟脑丸直接进入蒸气状态。
混合物可分为均质混合物和异质混合物。均质混合物在整个物质体积中具有均匀的组成,而异质混合物则包含不同的组成。
不纯物质的性质
不纯物质具有以下性质:
- 所得混合物的性质是成分性质的平均值。
- 由于物理变化而形成。
- 可能是同质的或异质的。
- 物质具有可变的组成。
例子:
- 岩石
- 浑水
- 沙拉
- 水中的沙子
- 水中的盐
- 蔬菜汤
纯物质和不纯物质的区别 Pure Substances Impure SubstancesMade of a single element or compound Several elements & compounds together form an impure substance. They are categorised into solid, liquid, gases. Categorised as Heterogeneous and homogeneous. Physical properties are constant. Physical properties are varying. Purity is 100% Purity is less than 100%. Chemical properties are constant. Chemical properties are varying. Example: Gold, pure water, hydrogen gas Example: Oil & water, sand & sugar
示例问题
问题1:为什么将纯氧气称为元素?
回答:
The pure oxygen gas belongs to the category of element, though it consists of molecules. This is because the molecules forming the gas all belong to a single type of element, whereas compounds are composed of one or more different types of elements.
问题 2:举例说明金属的定义。
回答:
Metals belong to the category of elements which are identified by various properties lustre, ductile ,malleable and are mostly good conductor of heat and electricity. Example – iron, manganese.
问题 3:区分均质和异质混合物。
回答: Homogeneous Mixtures Heterogeneous MixturesUniform composition throughout the mixture Non-Uniform composition throughout the mixture Components are not visible to the naked eye. Components are visible to the naked eye. The entire mixture is in the same phase. The entire mixture is not in the same phase. Particle size is estimated at atomic or molecular level Large particle sizes. Components cannot be easily segregated. Components can be easily segregated.
问题4:为什么盐水不被视为物质?
回答:
Different samples of salt water may contain different quantities of salt in the water used. Therefore, different samples don’t have a uniform chemical composition throughout.
问题5:新鲜橙汁可以算纯物质吗?
回答:
Orange juice may contain pulp, which acts as a solute in this case, and liquid. It doesn’t have a uniform chemical composition throughout, therefore, it is not considered to be a pure substance.
问题6:我们如何识别纯物质?
回答:
If we can write a chemical formula for the substance being provided then it is a pure substance. For example : aluminium oxide.
问题 7:举一个日常生活中不纯物质的例子。
回答:
Ghee is an impure substance, composed of various constituents like amino acids and fatty acids and salts.