You can compare your Dockerfile+docker-compose.yml with this one and see if there is nay difference (like using RUN yarn install --check-files) which would make the error message disappear.

Another example (Dockerfile+docker-compose.yml) is used in "Running a Rails app with Webpacker and Docker" from Dirk de Kok

In both instances, the application is started with docker-compose up.
And they have followed, as you have, the recommendations of rails/webpacker issue 1568 (regarding config.webpacker.check_yarn_integrity = false in config/environments/development.rb)