📅  最后修改于: 2021-01-07 05:43:22             🧑  作者: Mango
8051微控制器使用8位数据总线。因此,它们最多可以支持高达64K的外部数据存储器和64k的外部程序存储器。总的来说,8051微控制器可以寻址128k的外部存储器。
当数据和代码位于不同的存储块中时,该架构称为哈佛架构。如果数据和代码位于同一存储块中,则该架构称为Von Neumann架构。
冯·诺依曼架构最早是由计算机科学家约翰·冯·诺依曼提出的。在这种体系结构中,一条数据路径或总线用于指令和数据。结果,CPU一次执行一项操作。它要么从内存中获取一条指令,要么对数据执行读/写操作。因此,共享公共总线不能同时进行指令获取和数据操作。
冯·诺依曼架构支持简单的硬件。它允许使用单个顺序存储器。当今的处理速度大大超过了内存访问时间,并且我们在处理器本地采用了非常快速但数量很少的内存(高速缓存)。
哈佛架构为指令和数据提供了单独的存储和信号总线。这种体系结构的数据存储完全包含在CPU中,并且不能以数据形式访问指令存储。计算机具有使用内部数据总线的程序指令和数据的独立存储区,从而可以同时访问指令和数据。
程序需要由运算符加载;处理器无法自行启动。在哈佛架构中,无需使两个内存共享属性。
以下几点将冯·诺依曼架构与哈佛架构区分开。
Von-Neumann Architecture | Harvard Architecture |
---|---|
Single memory to be shared by both code and data. | Separate memories for code and data. |
Processor needs to fetch code in a separate clock cycle and data in another clock cycle. So it requires two clock cycles. | Single clock cycle is sufficient, as separate buses are used to access code and data. |
Higher speed, thus less time consuming. | Slower in speed, thus more time-consuming. |
Simple in design. | Complex in design. |
CISC是复杂指令集计算机。这是一台可以处理大量指令的计算机。
在1980年代初期,计算机设计人员建议计算机应使用较少的具有简单结构的指令,以便可以在CPU内更快地执行它们而不必使用内存。这样的计算机被归类为精简指令集计算机或RISC。
以下几点将CISC与RISC区别开来-
CISC | RISC |
---|---|
Larger set of instructions. Easy to program | Smaller set of Instructions. Difficult to program. |
Simpler design of compiler, considering larger set of instructions. | Complex design of compiler. |
Many addressing modes causing complex instruction formats. | Few addressing modes, fix instruction format. |
Instruction length is variable. | Instruction length varies. |
Higher clock cycles per second. | Low clock cycle per second. |
Emphasis is on hardware. | Emphasis is on software. |
Control unit implements large instruction set using micro-program unit. | Each instruction is to be executed by hardware. |
Slower execution, as instructions are to be read from memory and decoded by the decoder unit. | Faster execution, as each instruction is to be executed by hardware. |
Pipelining is not possible. | Pipelining of instructions is possible, considering single clock cycle. |