Python异常处理
到目前为止,我们已经从第 1 组到第 4 组(第 1 组 | 第 2 组 | 第 3 组 | 第 4 组)探索了基本的Python 。
在本文中,我们将讨论如何在Python中使用 try 处理异常。抓住,最后在适当的例子的帮助下陈述。
Python中的错误可以有两种类型,即语法错误和异常。错误是程序中的问题,由于该问题程序将停止执行。另一方面,当一些内部事件发生改变程序的正常流程时,就会引发异常。
语法错误和异常之间的区别
语法错误:顾名思义,此错误是由代码中的错误语法引起的。它导致程序的终止。
例子:
Python3
# initialize the amount variable
amount = 10000
# check that You are eligible to
# purchase Dsa Self Paced or not
if(amount > 2999)
print("You are eligible to purchase Dsa Self Paced")
Python3
# initialize the amount variable
marks = 10000
# perform division with 0
a = marks / 0
print(a)
Python3
# Python program to handle simple runtime error
#Python 3
a = [1, 2, 3]
try:
print ("Second element = %d" %(a[1]))
# Throws error since there are only 3 elements in array
print ("Fourth element = %d" %(a[3]))
except:
print ("An error occurred")
Python3
# Program to handle multiple errors with one
# except statement
# Python 3
def fun(a):
if a < 4:
# throws ZeroDivisionError for a = 3
b = a/(a-3)
# throws NameError if a >= 4
print("Value of b = ", b)
try:
fun(3)
fun(5)
# note that braces () are necessary here for
# multiple exceptions
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("ZeroDivisionError Occurred and Handled")
except NameError:
print("NameError Occurred and Handled")
Python3
# Program to depict else clause with try-except
# Python 3
# Function which returns a/b
def AbyB(a , b):
try:
c = ((a+b) / (a-b))
except ZeroDivisionError:
print ("a/b result in 0")
else:
print (c)
# Driver program to test above function
AbyB(2.0, 3.0)
AbyB(3.0, 3.0)
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate finally
# No exception Exception raised in try block
try:
k = 5//0 # raises divide by zero exception.
print(k)
# handles zerodivision exception
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Can't divide by zero")
finally:
# this block is always executed
# regardless of exception generation.
print('This is always executed')
Python3
# Program to depict Raising Exception
try:
raise NameError("Hi there") # Raise Error
except NameError:
print ("An exception")
raise # To determine whether the exception was raised or not
输出:
异常:当程序语法正确但代码导致错误时引发异常。此错误不会停止程序的执行,但是会改变程序的正常流程。
例子:
Python3
# initialize the amount variable
marks = 10000
# perform division with 0
a = marks / 0
print(a)
输出:
在上面的示例中,当我们试图将一个数字除以 0 时引发了 ZeroDivisionError。
注意: Exception 是Python中所有异常的基类。您可以在此处检查异常层次结构。
Try and except 语句——捕捉异常
Try 和 except 语句用于捕获和处理Python中的异常。可以引发异常的语句保存在 try 子句中,处理异常的语句写在 except 子句中。
示例:让我们尝试访问索引超出范围的数组元素并处理相应的异常。
Python3
# Python program to handle simple runtime error
#Python 3
a = [1, 2, 3]
try:
print ("Second element = %d" %(a[1]))
# Throws error since there are only 3 elements in array
print ("Fourth element = %d" %(a[3]))
except:
print ("An error occurred")
Second element = 2
An error occurred
在上面的例子中,可能导致错误的语句被放置在 try 语句中(在我们的例子中是第二个 print 语句)。第二个打印语句尝试访问列表中不存在的第四个元素,这会引发异常。然后这个异常被 except 语句捕获。
捕获特定异常
一条 try 语句可以有多个 except 子句,以指定不同异常的处理程序。请注意,最多将执行一个处理程序。例如,我们可以在上面的代码中添加 IndexError。添加特定异常的一般语法是 -
try:
# statement(s)
except IndexError:
# statement(s)
except ValueError:
# statement(s)
示例:在Python中捕获特定异常
Python3
# Program to handle multiple errors with one
# except statement
# Python 3
def fun(a):
if a < 4:
# throws ZeroDivisionError for a = 3
b = a/(a-3)
# throws NameError if a >= 4
print("Value of b = ", b)
try:
fun(3)
fun(5)
# note that braces () are necessary here for
# multiple exceptions
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("ZeroDivisionError Occurred and Handled")
except NameError:
print("NameError Occurred and Handled")
ZeroDivisionError Occurred and Handled
如果您对 fun(3) 行发表评论,则输出将是
NameError Occurred and Handled
上面的输出是这样的,因为一旦Python尝试访问 b 的值,就会发生 NameError。
尝试使用其他条款
在Python中,您还可以在 try-except 块上使用 else 子句,它必须出现在所有 except 子句之后。只有当 try 子句没有引发异常时,代码才会进入 else 块。
示例:尝试使用 else 子句
Python3
# Program to depict else clause with try-except
# Python 3
# Function which returns a/b
def AbyB(a , b):
try:
c = ((a+b) / (a-b))
except ZeroDivisionError:
print ("a/b result in 0")
else:
print (c)
# Driver program to test above function
AbyB(2.0, 3.0)
AbyB(3.0, 3.0)
输出:
-5.0
a/b result in 0
Python中的finally关键字
Python提供了一个关键字 finally,它总是在 try 和 except 块之后执行。最后一个块总是在 try 块正常终止后或 try 块由于某些异常终止后执行。
句法:
try:
# Some Code....
except:
# optional block
# Handling of exception (if required)
else:
# execute if no exception
finally:
# Some code .....(always executed)
例子:
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate finally
# No exception Exception raised in try block
try:
k = 5//0 # raises divide by zero exception.
print(k)
# handles zerodivision exception
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Can't divide by zero")
finally:
# this block is always executed
# regardless of exception generation.
print('This is always executed')
输出:
Can't divide by zero
This is always executed
引发异常
raise 语句允许程序员强制发生特定的异常。 raise 中的唯一参数表示要引发的异常。这必须是异常实例或异常类(从 Exception 派生的类)。
Python3
# Program to depict Raising Exception
try:
raise NameError("Hi there") # Raise Error
except NameError:
print ("An exception")
raise # To determine whether the exception was raised or not
上述代码的输出将简单地打印为“异常”,但由于最后一行中的 raise 语句,最后也会出现运行时错误。因此,命令行上的输出看起来像
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/d6ec14ca595b97bff8d8034bbf212a9f.py", line 5, in
raise NameError("Hi there") # Raise Error
NameError: Hi there
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