📅  最后修改于: 2023-12-03 15:28:09.062000             🧑  作者: Mango
访问者方法是一种行为型设计模式,它允许你在不修改对象结构的前提下,为对象结构中的元素添加新功能。该模式可以用于在运行时进行任意类型的操作,但其中的元素必须明确知道如何接收来自访问者的请求。
访问者模式适用于以下场景:
以下是一个示例代码,它展示了访问者方法的使用方式:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Element(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def accept(self, visitor):
pass
class ConcreteElementA(Element):
def accept(self, visitor):
visitor.visit_concrete_element_a(self)
def operation_a(self):
print("Operation A of ConcreteElementA")
class ConcreteElementB(Element):
def accept(self, visitor):
visitor.visit_concrete_element_b(self)
def operation_b(self):
print("Operation B of ConcreteElementB")
class Visitor(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def visit_concrete_element_a(self, element: ConcreteElementA):
pass
@abstractmethod
def visit_concrete_element_b(self, element: ConcreteElementB):
pass
class ConcreteVisitor1(Visitor):
def visit_concrete_element_a(self, element: ConcreteElementA):
print("ConcreteVisitor1: visiting ConcreteElementA")
element.operation_a()
def visit_concrete_element_b(self, element: ConcreteElementB):
print("ConcreteVisitor1: visiting ConcreteElementB")
element.operation_b()
class ConcreteVisitor2(Visitor):
def visit_concrete_element_a(self, element: ConcreteElementA):
print("ConcreteVisitor2: visiting ConcreteElementA")
element.operation_a()
def visit_concrete_element_b(self, element: ConcreteElementB):
print("ConcreteVisitor2: visiting ConcreteElementB")
element.operation_b()
class ObjectStructure:
def __init__(self):
self._elements = []
def attach(self, element):
self._elements.append(element)
def detach(self, element):
self._elements.remove(element)
def accept(self, visitor):
for element in self._elements:
element.accept(visitor)
if __name__ == '__main__':
object_structure = ObjectStructure()
object_structure.attach(ConcreteElementA())
object_structure.attach(ConcreteElementB())
object_structure.accept(ConcreteVisitor1())
object_structure.accept(ConcreteVisitor2())
以上示例代码中,我们定义了访问者类、元素类和对象结构类。在这个示例中,元素类有两个:ConcreteElementA和ConcreteElementB。每个元素都可以接受不同的访问者(ConcreteVisitor1和ConcreteVisitor2),并执行不同的操作。对象结构类负责维护所有元素,并且通过accept方法接受不同的访问者。