使用Python删除目录或文件

Python提供了不同的方法和函数来删除文件和目录。可以根据需要删除文件。 Python提供的各种方法是——

• 使用 os.remove()
• 使用 os.rmdir()
• 使用 shutil.rmtree()

使用 os.remove()

Python中的OS 模块提供了与操作系统交互的功能。 os 模块中的所有函数在文件名和路径无效或不可访问的情况下，或具有正确类型但操作系统不接受的其他参数的情况下引发OSError 。

Python中的os.remove()方法用于删除或删除文件路径。此方法不能删除或删除目录。如果指定的路径是目录，则该方法将引发OSError 。

Syntax: os.remove(path, *, dir_fd = None)

Parameter:
path: A path-like object representing a file path. A path-like object is either a string or bytes object representing a path.
dir_fd (optional): A file descriptor referring to a directory. The default value of this parameter is None.
If the specified path is absolute then dir_fd is ignored.

Note: The ‘*’ in parameter list indicates that all following parameters (Here in our case ‘dir_fd’) are keyword-only parameters and they can be provided using their name, not as positional parameter.

Return Type: This method does not return any value.

示例 1：假设文件夹中包含的文件为：

我们想从上面的文件夹中删除 file1。下面是实现。

# Python program to explain os.remove() method  
      
# importing os module  
import os 
    
# File name 
file = 'file1.txt'
    
# File location 
location = "D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksforGeeks/Authors/Nikhil/"
    
# Path 
path = os.path.join(location, file) 
    
# Remove the file 
# 'file.txt' 
os.remove(path) 

输出：

示例2：如果指定的路径是目录。

# Python program to explain os.remove() method  
      
# importing os module  
import os 
    
# Directory name
dir = "Nikhil"
  
# Path 
location = "D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksforGeeks/Authors/"
path = os.path.join(location, dir)
    
# Remove the specified 
# file path 
os.remove(path) 
print("% s has been removed successfully" % dir) 
    
# if the specified path  
# is a directory then  
# 'IsADirectoryError' error 
# will raised  
    
# Similarly if the specified 
# file path does not exists or   
# is invalid then corresponding 
# OSError will be raised 

输出：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "osremove.py", line 11, in 
    os.remove(path)
IsADirectoryError: [Errno 21] Is a directory: 'D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksforGeeks/Authors/Nikhil'

示例 3：使用os.remove()方法时处理错误。

# Python program to explain os.remove() method  
      
# importing os module  
import os 
    
# path 
path = 'D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksforGeeks/Authors/Nikhil'
    
# Remove the specified  
# file path 
try: 
    os.remove(path) 
    print("% s removed successfully" % path) 
except OSError as error: 
    print(error) 
    print("File path can not be removed") 

输出：

[Errno 21] Is a directory: 'D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksforGeeks/Authors/Nikhil'
File path can not be removed

注意：要了解有关os.remove()的更多信息，请单击此处。

使用 os.rmdir()

Python中的os.rmdir()方法用于移除或删除一个空目录。如果指定的路径不是空目录，将引发OSError 。

Syntax: os.rmdir(path, *, dir_fd = None)

Parameter:
path: A path-like object representing a file path. A path-like object is either a string or bytes object representing a path.
dir_fd (optional): A file descriptor referring to a directory. The default value of this parameter is None.
If the specified path is absolute then dir_fd is ignored.

Note: The ‘*’ in parameter list indicates that all following parameters (Here in our case ‘dir_fd’) are keyword-only parameters and they can be provided using their name, not as positional parameter.

Return Type: This method does not return any value.

示例 1：假设目录是 -

我们要删除目录 Geeks。下面是实现。

# Python program to explain os.rmdir() method  
      
# importing os module  
import os 
    
# Directory name 
directory = "Geeks"
    
# Parent Directory 
parent = "D:/Pycharm projects/"
    
# Path 
path = os.path.join(parent, directory) 
    
# Remove the Directory 
# "Geeks" 
os.rmdir(path) 

输出：

示例 2： using os.rmdir()方法处理错误，

# Python program to explain os.rmdir() method
  
# importing os module  
import os
  
# Directory name 
directory = "GeeksforGeeks"
  
# Parent Directory 
parent = "D:/Pycharm projects/"
  
# Path 
path = os.path.join(parent, directory)
  
# Remove the Directory
# "GeeksforGeeks"
try:
    os.rmdir(path)
    print("Directory '% s' has been removed successfully" % directory)
except OSError as error:
    print(error)
    print("Directory '% s' can not be removed" % directory)
  
# if the specified path
# is not an empty directory 
# then permission error will 
# be raised 
  
# similarly if specified path 
# is invalid or is not a  
# directory then corresponding 
# OSError will be raised 

输出：

[WinError 145] The directory is not empty: 'D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksforGeeks'
Directory 'GeeksforGeeks' can not be removed

注意：要了解有关os.rmdir()的更多信息，请单击此处。

使用 shutil.rmtree()

shutil.rmtree() 用于删除整个目录树，路径必须指向目录（但不能指向目录的符号链接）。

Syntax: shutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None)

Parameters:
path: A path-like object representing a file path. A path-like object is either a string or bytes object representing a path.
ignore_errors: If ignore_errors is true, errors resulting from failed removals will be ignored.
oneerror: If ignore_errors is false or omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by onerror.

示例 1：假设目录和子目录如下。

# 父目录：

# 父目录内的目录：

# 子目录下的文件：

我们要删除目录作者。下面是实现。

# Python program to demonstrate
# shutil.rmtree()
  
import shutil
import os
  
# location
location = "D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksforGeeks/"
  
# directory
dir = "Authors"
  
# path
path = os.path.join(location, dir)
  
# removing directory
shutil.rmtree(path)

输出：

示例 2：通过传递ignore_errors = True 。

# Python program to demonstrate
# shutil.rmtree()
  
import shutil
import os
  
# location
location = "D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksforGeeks/"
  
# directory
dir = "Authors"
  
# path
path = os.path.join(location, dir)
  
# removing directory
shutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors = False)
  
# making ignore_errors = True will not raise 
# a FileNotFoundError

输出：

Traceback (most recent call last):
File “D:/Pycharm projects/gfg/gfg.py”, line 16, in
shutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False)
File “C:\Users\Nikhil Aggarwal\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38-32\lib\shutil.py”, line 730, in rmtree
return _rmtree_unsafe(path, onerror)
File “C:\Users\Nikhil Aggarwal\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38-32\lib\shutil.py”, line 589, in _rmtree_unsafe
onerror(os.scandir, path, sys.exc_info())
File “C:\Users\Nikhil Aggarwal\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38-32\lib\shutil.py”, line 586, in _rmtree_unsafe
with os.scandir(path) as scandir_it:
FileNotFoundError: [WinError 3] The system cannot find the path specified: ‘D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksforGeeks/Authors’

示例 3：通过传递 onerror
在onerror中，应该传递一个必须包含三个参数的函数。

• 函数 –引发异常的函数。
• path –传递的路径名，在删除时引发异常
• excinfo – sys.exc_info() 引发的异常信息

下面是实现

# Python program to demonstrate
# shutil.rmtree()
  
import shutil
import os
  
  
# exception handler
def handler(func, path, exc_info):
    print("Inside handler")
    print(exc_info)
  
  
# location
location = "D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksforGeeks/"
  
# directory
dir = "Authors"
  
# path
path = os.path.join(location, dir)
  
# removing directory
shutil.rmtree(path, onerror = handler)

输出：

Inside handler
(, FileNotFoundError(2, ‘The system cannot find the path specified’), )
Inside handler
(, FileNotFoundError(2, ‘The system cannot find the file specified’), )

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