锌——发生、特性、用途、效果
去除氧化后，锌是一种略脆的金属，在室温下呈银灰色外观。它是元素周期表第 12 族的第一个元素。锌和镁在某些方面在化学上相似：两者都只有一种正常的氧化态 (+2)，并且 Zn +2和 Mg +2离子的大小相当。锌有五种稳定同位素，是地壳中第 24位最普遍的元素。最常见的锌矿石是闪锌矿（闪锌矿），一种硫化锌矿物。
Zinc is a chemical element with atomic number 30 and the symbol Zn.
锌的发生
Zinc is the 24th most abundant element, with 75 parts per million in the Earth’s crust. Zinc levels in soil range from 5 to 770 parts per million, with an average of 64 parts per million. The atmosphere has just 30 ppb, while seawater has only 30 ppb. In ores, the element is usually found in combination with other base metals like copper and lead.
锌是一种亲硫元素，这意味着它更可能存在于含有硫和其他重硫属元素的矿物中，而不是含有轻硫属元素氧或非硫属电负性元素（如卤素）的矿物中。在早期地球大气的还原环境下，硫化物随着地壳的固结而发展。由于其精矿中含有 60-62% 的锌，闪锌矿是一种硫化锌，是开采最广泛的含锌矿石。
锌的物理性质
- 锌通常存在于较大的复杂矿物中。
- 锌是一种具有高熔点的金属，呈蓝白色。被隔离时，它是一种非常闪亮的蓝白色金属。
- 这种金属不如铜柔软，应用较少。它在室温下易碎且呈结晶状，但当加热到 110°C 至 150°C 之间时，它会变得有延展性和柔韧性。
- 它是一种中等活性金属，可与氧和其他非金属反应生成氢和稀酸。
锌的化学性质
- 最强大的还原剂之一是锌。
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl 2 + H 2
- 锌燃烧时会产生蓝绿色耀斑。
- 以下是氧化锌的化学反应：
2Zn + O 2 → 2ZnO
- 锌不与水直接反应。另一方面，金属锌可以在水蒸气存在的情况下与空气中的氧气反应生成氢氧化锌。
Zn + 2H 2 O → Zn(OH) 2 + H 2
锌的用途
- 这种金属用于各种行业，包括屋顶和氧化锌的生产。
- 金属元素用于多种应用，包括防晒霜、太阳能电池和核反应堆。
- 这种金属有助于维持人体内的酶平衡。
- 氧化锌也被用作制造汽车轮胎的橡胶成分。
- 氧化锌可以承受高温并防止轮胎在太热时塌陷。
- 锌在第一次浇铸时表面呈蓝银色，但它会在空气中逐渐氧化，生成一层灰色的保护性氧化物涂层。
- 它主要用于镀锌铁，但也用于制造某些合金。它用于建造屋顶和排水沟，以及一些电池中的负极板。
- 氧化锌用作水彩和油漆中的白色颜料，以及橡胶活化剂。
- 锌在塑料、化妆品、复印纸、壁纸、印刷油墨和其他产品中用作颜料，在橡胶制造中也用作催化剂和热分散剂。
- 几乎每片药片中都含有锌金属，它被认为具有抗氧化特性，可以保护身体的皮肤和肌肉免于过早老化。
Health effects of zinc
Zinc is a vital trace element for human health. People who do not get enough zinc may lose their appetite, lose their sense of taste and smell, experience poor wound healing, and develop skin sores. Zinc deficiency has the potential to cause birth defects.
Despite the fact that humans can tolerate relatively high zinc concentrations, too much zinc can cause serious health problems such as stomach cramps, skin irritations, vomiting, nausea, and anaemia. High zinc levels have been linked to pancreatitis, protein metabolism disruption, and arteriosclerosis. Excessive zinc chloride exposure may cause respiratory issues.
示例问题
问题1：服用锌有什么好处？
回答：
Zinc, a mineral contained in your body, helps your immune system and metabolism work properly. Zinc is also necessary for wound healing and maintaining your sense of taste and smell. A diversified diet usually provides adequate zinc for your body.
问题二：为什么锌的熔点低？
回答：
Iron has only partially filled the d orbital, whereas Zn has completely filled the d orbital. Regardless of the screening effect, Zn has a substantially larger size than Fe, implying that Zn’s valence electrons are less restricted to the nucleus than Fe’s.
问题3：锌在水中会生锈吗？
回答：
Zinc, like all ferrous metals, corrodes when exposed to air and water. Zinc, on the other hand, corrodes steel at a 1/30th of the rate. Zinc, like other ferrous metals, corrodes or rusts to varying degrees depending on their surroundings.
问题 4：锌是嗜热元素。解释。
回答：
Zinc is a chalcophile, which means it is more likely to be found in minerals containing sulphur and other heavy chalcogens than in minerals containing light chalcogen oxygen or non-chalcogen electronegative elements such as halogens.
问题5：锌作为人体健康所必需的微量元素吗？
回答：
Zinc is a vital trace element for human health. People who do not get enough zinc may lose their appetite, lose their sense of taste and smell, experience poor wound healing, and develop skin sores. Zinc deficiency has the potential to cause birth defects.