Python集
在Python中, Set是数据类型的无序集合,它是可迭代的、可变的并且没有重复元素。集合中元素的顺序是不确定的,尽管它可能由各种元素组成。
与列表相比,使用集合的主要优点是它具有高度优化的方法来检查集合中是否包含特定元素。
创建一个集合
可以通过使用带有可迭代对象或序列的内置set()函数来创建集合,方法是将序列放在花括号内,用“逗号”分隔。
注意 –集合不能具有可变元素,如列表或字典,因为它是可变的。
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate
# Creation of Set in Python
# Creating a Set
set1 = set()
print("Initial blank Set: ")
print(set1)
# Creating a Set with
# the use of a String
set1 = set("GeeksForGeeks")
print("\nSet with the use of String: ")
print(set1)
# Creating a Set with
# the use of Constructor
# (Using object to Store String)
String = 'GeeksForGeeks'
set1 = set(String)
print("\nSet with the use of an Object: " )
print(set1)
# Creating a Set with
# the use of a List
set1 = set(["Geeks", "For", "Geeks"])
print("\nSet with the use of List: ")
print(set1)
Python3
# Creating a Set with
# a List of Numbers
# (Having duplicate values)
set1 = set([1, 2, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 6, 5])
print("\nSet with the use of Numbers: ")
print(set1)
# Creating a Set with
# a mixed type of values
# (Having numbers and strings)
set1 = set([1, 2, 'Geeks', 4, 'For', 6, 'Geeks'])
print("\nSet with the use of Mixed Values")
print(set1)
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate
# Addition of elements in a Set
# Creating a Set
set1 = set()
print("Initial blank Set: ")
print(set1)
# Adding element and tuple to the Set
set1.add(8)
set1.add(9)
set1.add((6,7))
print("\nSet after Addition of Three elements: ")
print(set1)
# Adding elements to the Set
# using Iterator
for i in range(1, 6):
set1.add(i)
print("\nSet after Addition of elements from 1-5: ")
print(set1)
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate
# Addition of elements in a Set
# Addition of elements to the Set
# using Update function
set1 = set([ 4, 5, (6, 7)])
set1.update([10, 11])
print("\nSet after Addition of elements using Update: ")
print(set1)
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate
# Accessing of elements in a set
# Creating a set
set1 = set(["Geeks", "For", "Geeks"])
print("\nInitial set")
print(set1)
# Accessing element using
# for loop
print("\nElements of set: ")
for i in set1:
print(i, end=" ")
# Checking the element
# using in keyword
print("Geeks" in set1)
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate
# Deletion of elements in a Set
# Creating a Set
set1 = set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])
print("Initial Set: ")
print(set1)
# Removing elements from Set
# using Remove() method
set1.remove(5)
set1.remove(6)
print("\nSet after Removal of two elements: ")
print(set1)
# Removing elements from Set
# using Discard() method
set1.discard(8)
set1.discard(9)
print("\nSet after Discarding two elements: ")
print(set1)
# Removing elements from Set
# using iterator method
for i in range(1, 5):
set1.remove(i)
print("\nSet after Removing a range of elements: ")
print(set1)
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate
# Deletion of elements in a Set
# Creating a Set
set1 = set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])
print("Initial Set: ")
print(set1)
# Removing element from the
# Set using the pop() method
set1.pop()
print("\nSet after popping an element: ")
print(set1)
Python3
#Creating a set
set1 = set([1,2,3,4,5])
print("\n Initial set: ")
print(set1)
# Removing all the elements from
# Set using clear() method
set1.clear()
print("\nSet after clearing all the elements: ")
print(set1)
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate
# working of a FrozenSet
# Creating a Set
String = ('G', 'e', 'e', 'k', 's', 'F', 'o', 'r')
Fset1 = frozenset(String)
print("The FrozenSet is: ")
print(Fset1)
# To print Empty Frozen Set
# No parameter is passed
print("\nEmpty FrozenSet: ")
print(frozenset())
输出:
Initial blank Set:
set()
Set with the use of String:
{'e', 'r', 'k', 'o', 'G', 's', 'F'}
Set with the use of an Object:
{'r', 'o', 'e', 'F', 's', 'k', 'G'}
Set with the use of List:
{'Geeks', 'For'}
集合仅包含唯一元素,但在创建集合时,也可以传递多个重复值。集合中元素的顺序未定义且不可更改。集合中元素的类型不必相同,也可以将各种混合的数据类型值传递给集合。
Python3
# Creating a Set with
# a List of Numbers
# (Having duplicate values)
set1 = set([1, 2, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 6, 5])
print("\nSet with the use of Numbers: ")
print(set1)
# Creating a Set with
# a mixed type of values
# (Having numbers and strings)
set1 = set([1, 2, 'Geeks', 4, 'For', 6, 'Geeks'])
print("\nSet with the use of Mixed Values")
print(set1)
输出:
Set with the use of Numbers:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Set with the use of Mixed Values
{1, 2, 4, 'Geeks', 6, 'For'}
将元素添加到集合
使用 add() 方法
可以使用内置的add()函数将元素添加到 Set 中。使用 add() 方法一次只能将一个元素添加到集合中,循环用于使用 add() 方法一次添加多个元素。
注意 –不能将列表作为元素添加到集合中,因为列表不可散列,而可以添加元组,因为元组是不可变的,因此可以散列。
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate
# Addition of elements in a Set
# Creating a Set
set1 = set()
print("Initial blank Set: ")
print(set1)
# Adding element and tuple to the Set
set1.add(8)
set1.add(9)
set1.add((6,7))
print("\nSet after Addition of Three elements: ")
print(set1)
# Adding elements to the Set
# using Iterator
for i in range(1, 6):
set1.add(i)
print("\nSet after Addition of elements from 1-5: ")
print(set1)
输出:
Initial blank Set:
set()
Set after Addition of Three elements:
{8, 9, (6, 7)}
Set after Addition of elements from 1-5:
{1, 2, 3, (6, 7), 4, 5, 8, 9}
使用 update() 方法
对于添加两个或多个元素,使用 Update() 方法。 update() 方法接受列表、字符串、元组以及其他集合作为其参数。在所有这些情况下,都避免了重复元素。
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate
# Addition of elements in a Set
# Addition of elements to the Set
# using Update function
set1 = set([ 4, 5, (6, 7)])
set1.update([10, 11])
print("\nSet after Addition of elements using Update: ")
print(set1)
输出:
Set after Addition of elements using Update:
{10, 11, 4, 5, (6, 7)}
访问集合
集合项不能通过引用索引来访问,因为集合是无序的,这些项没有索引。但是您可以使用 for 循环遍历集合项,或者使用 in 关键字询问集合中是否存在指定值。
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate
# Accessing of elements in a set
# Creating a set
set1 = set(["Geeks", "For", "Geeks"])
print("\nInitial set")
print(set1)
# Accessing element using
# for loop
print("\nElements of set: ")
for i in set1:
print(i, end=" ")
# Checking the element
# using in keyword
print("Geeks" in set1)
输出:
Initial set:
{'Geeks', 'For'}
Elements of set:
Geeks For
True
从集合中移除元素
使用 remove() 方法或 discard() 方法
可以使用内置的 remove()函数从集合中删除元素,但如果集合中不存在元素,则会出现 KeyError。要从没有 KeyError 的集合中删除元素,请使用 discard(),如果集合中不存在该元素,则它保持不变。
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate
# Deletion of elements in a Set
# Creating a Set
set1 = set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])
print("Initial Set: ")
print(set1)
# Removing elements from Set
# using Remove() method
set1.remove(5)
set1.remove(6)
print("\nSet after Removal of two elements: ")
print(set1)
# Removing elements from Set
# using Discard() method
set1.discard(8)
set1.discard(9)
print("\nSet after Discarding two elements: ")
print(set1)
# Removing elements from Set
# using iterator method
for i in range(1, 5):
set1.remove(i)
print("\nSet after Removing a range of elements: ")
print(set1)
输出:
Initial Set:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
Set after Removal of two elements:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
Set after Discarding two elements:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12}
Set after Removing a range of elements:
{7, 10, 11, 12}
使用 pop() 方法
Pop()函数也可用于从集合中移除并返回一个元素,但它只移除集合的最后一个元素。
注意 –如果集合是无序的,则无法使用 pop()函数确定弹出哪个元素。
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate
# Deletion of elements in a Set
# Creating a Set
set1 = set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])
print("Initial Set: ")
print(set1)
# Removing element from the
# Set using the pop() method
set1.pop()
print("\nSet after popping an element: ")
print(set1)
输出:
Initial Set:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
Set after popping an element:
{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
使用 clear() 方法
要从集合中删除所有元素,请使用 clear()函数。
Python3
#Creating a set
set1 = set([1,2,3,4,5])
print("\n Initial set: ")
print(set1)
# Removing all the elements from
# Set using clear() method
set1.clear()
print("\nSet after clearing all the elements: ")
print(set1)
输出:
Initial set:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Set after clearing all the elements:
set()
Python中的冻结集是不可变对象,仅支持产生结果而不影响应用它们的冻结集的方法和运算符。虽然集合的元素可以随时修改,但冻结集合的元素在创建后保持不变。
如果没有传递参数,则返回一个空的frozenset。
Python3
# Python program to demonstrate
# working of a FrozenSet
# Creating a Set
String = ('G', 'e', 'e', 'k', 's', 'F', 'o', 'r')
Fset1 = frozenset(String)
print("The FrozenSet is: ")
print(Fset1)
# To print Empty Frozen Set
# No parameter is passed
print("\nEmpty FrozenSet: ")
print(frozenset())
设置方法
Function | Description |
---|---|
add() | Adds an element to a set |
remove() | Removes an element from a set. If the element is not present in the set, raise a KeyError |
clear() | Removes all elements form a set |
copy() | Returns a shallow copy of a set |
pop() | Removes and returns an arbitrary set element. Raise KeyError if the set is empty |
update() | Updates a set with the union of itself and others |
union() | Returns the union of sets in a new set |
difference() | Returns the difference of two or more sets as a new set |
difference_update() | Removes all elements of another set from this set |
discard() | Removes an element from set if it is a member. (Do nothing if the element is not in set) |
intersection() | Returns the intersection of two sets as a new set |
intersection_update() | Updates the set with the intersection of itself and another |
isdisjoint() | Returns True if two sets have a null intersection |
issubset() | Returns True if another set contains this set |
issuperset() | Returns True if this set contains another set |
symmetric_difference() | Returns the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set |
symmetric_difference_update() | Updates a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another |
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