等压线和同位素之间的区别

化学元素的原子总是由被电子云包围的原子核组成。质子和中子组成原子核。给定元素的每个原子中的质子数始终相同。这表明化学元素的质子数是独一无二的属性。但是，相同元素的原子核中的中子数可能不同。

Isotopes are the names for these various types. The sum of protons and neutrons in an element’s nucleus is the atomic mass of that element. Even if their atomic numbers are different, the atomic masses of various elements can sometimes be the same. Isobars are the names given to these various types.

The significant distinction between isotopes and isobars is that isotopes have different atomic masses from one other, whereas isobars have comparable atomic masses.

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同位素

在许多实验类型的研究中发现，有些元素的原子序数与该元素的原子序数相同，但质量数不同，这种元素的原子称为该元素的同位素。

Isotopes can be considered as variants of the same element, the only difference is in their number of protons and number of neutrons which exists in the nuclei of atoms. The number of neutrons and the number of protons together makes the mass number of an element so the mass number of isotopes is different.

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让我们以碳的同位素为例来理解，碳有¹² C、 ¹³ C 和¹⁴ C，因为它的同位素意味着 12、13 和 14 是碳的质量数，原子序数是 6。但原子序数是指质子数因此所有碳同位素将具有相同数量的原子，而中子数量不同。

Element	Number of protons	Number of Neutrons	Mass number	Atomic number
Carbon ( ¹²C )	6	6	12	6
Carbon ( ¹³C)	6	7	13	6
Carbon ( ¹⁴C)	6	8	14	6
Hydrogen ( ¹H)	1	no neutron	1	1
Hydrogen ( ²H)	1	1	2	1
Hydrogen ( ³H)	1	2	3	1

发现同位素的功劳归功于英国物理学家 JJ Thomson，他是发现氖元素同位素的人，氖元素的原子序数为 10，它实际上是一种气体。一些同位素被发现是放射性的，这意味着它们具有放射性衰变效应，因此放射性同位素的原子核将是不稳定的。放射性同位素的一个例子是铀，它有两种同位素，质量数分别为 235 和 238。

同位素的应用：

使用碘同位素可以治愈甲状腺肿（颈部肿胀）疾病。
可以使用钴同位素治疗某些类型的癌症。
铀同位素被用作核燃料。

等压线：

假设有两种或两种以上原子序数不同但质量数相同的元素，则这些元素称为等压线。等压线实际上是具有不同质子数和中子数的不同元素，但这些不同元素的质子数和中子数之和相同，因此它们具有相似的物理性质。发现等压线的功劳归功于阿尔弗雷德·沃尔特·斯图尔特，他在 1918 年发现了等压线。一些等压线在性质上也具有放射性。对于等压线的放射性，有一个称为 Mattauch 等压线规则的规则。根据这个规则，如果元素周期表上两个相邻的元素具有相同质量数的同位素，那么这些等压线中至少有一个是放射性的

例子：

氩和钙是等压线，因为它们具有相同的质量数和原子序数不同。

Element	Number of protons	Number of neutrons	Mass Number	Atomic Number
Argon	18	22	40	18
Calcium	20	20	40	20

等压线的应用：

等压线在医学领域用于治疗肿瘤和血栓。
甲状腺疾病可以使用等量碘治疗。
可以使用等压磷治疗血癌。

同位素和等压线之间的区别：

Isotopes	Isobars
1. Isotopes have same atomic number but different mass number.	1. Isobars have same mass number but different atomic number.
2. In the nucleus of atom of isotopes the number of protons are equal.	2. In the nucleus of atom of isobars the number of protons are not equal.
3. Number of neutrons in the nucleus of atom are different.	3. For two isobars the sum of number of protons and number of neutrons are equal
4. Isotopes of an element is placed at the same place as that of element in the periodic table.	4. Isobars of elements are placed at different places in the periodic table.
5. Physical properties of isotopes are different.	5. Physical properties of isobars are nearly same.
6. Chemical properties of isotopes are same.	6. Chemical properties of isobars are different.
7. Example: Chlorine has two isotopes ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl. Hydrogen has 3 isotopes ¹H,²H, and ³H.	7. Example: Carbon and nitrogen has same mass number 14. Argon and Calcium has same mass number 40.

示例问题

问题1：等压线的化学性质相同或不同的解释？

回答：

Chemical properties of any element depends mainly on number of electrons and isobars have different number of electrons as atomic number is different so chemical properties of isobars are different.

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问题2：等压线的物理性质相同还是不同的解释？

回答：

Physical properties are mainly governed by number of nucleons or say atomic mass, as atomic mass of isobars are equal hence isobars has same physical properties.

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问题 3：如果同位素具有不同的原子质量，应采用哪种质量？

回答：

It is clear that isotopes have same atomic number but different mass number so for calculation purposes concept of average atomic mass is taken. Lets say there are three isotopes of some element X then for practical purposes first calculate the average atomic mass of the isotopes like (m1+m2+m3)/3 if they exist in nature in same ratio.

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问题 4：计算自然界中 3:1 质量为 35 u 和 37 u 的氯同位素的平均原子质量？

回答：

Let’s take 3:1 which means if we have 100 units chlorine then 75 units of chlorine is of 35 u mass and remaining 25 units will have a mass of 37 u.

Now calculating average atomic mass of chlorine

= [35×(75/100) + 37×(25/100)]

= [(105/4)+(37/4)]

= 142/4

= 35.5 u

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问题 5：给出 Argon 和 Calcium isobar 的电子构型。

回答：

The electronic configuration shows electrons in different energy levels as isobars have different atomic numbers and same mass numbers, they have different numbers of electrons so the configuration is as shown below.

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