维生素的分类
生物或系统由不同的复杂生物分子组成，如蛋白质、碳水化合物、核酸、脂质等。碳水化合物和蛋白质是我们食物中必不可少的重要成分。这些分子相互作用形成生命过程的分子逻辑。此外，维生素和矿物盐等简单分子在生物体的功能中也发挥着极其重要的作用。
维生素
维生素基本上是我们饮食中所需的辅助食物因素。这些维生素是某些少量需要的有机化合物，但它们的缺乏或缺乏会导致特定的疾病。大多数所需的维生素都不是在我们体内合成的。植物可以合成几乎所有的维生素，因此称为必需食物因子。然而，肠道中有一些细菌可以产生一些必需的维生素。
维生素一词以前取自“维生素”。由于化合物中氨基的早期鉴定，这源于重要 + 胺的组合。然而，随着时间的推移，观察到大多数化合物没有氨基，因此字母“e”被删除，“维生素”一词开始使用。
我们的饮食中通常可以提供所有必需的维生素。不同的维生素属于各种不同的化学类别。因此，很难根据其结构来定义所有维生素。我们通常认为它们是饮食中必不可少的有机化合物，以发挥特定的生物学功能。这些功能对于个体有机体的正常维持和最佳生长和健康很重要。
维生素按字母 A、B、C、D、E 等分类。其中一些被进一步命名为亚组，例如维生素 B 1 、B 2 、B 6等。
维生素的分类
维生素可分为两类。该分类基于维生素在水或脂肪中的溶解度。
- 脂溶性维生素
这些是可溶于脂肪和油但完全不溶于水的维生素。这些维生素的例子是维生素 A、D、E 和 K。它们储存在肝脏和储存脂肪的脂肪组织中。
- 水溶性维生素
这些是可溶于水但不溶于油和脂肪的维生素。 B族维生素和维生素C易溶于水。这些维生素必须定期在饮食中补充，因为它们会通过尿液排出体外。除了维生素B 12 ，我们体内不能储存水溶性维生素。
注意：维生素 H 或生物素既不溶于水也不溶于脂肪。
重要的维生素、它们的来源和它们的缺乏症
| Sr. No. | Name of the Vitamin | Sources | Deficiency Diseases | Solubility |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vitamin A | Milk, fish liver oil, carrots, and butter | Night Blindness, Xerophthalmia (hardening of the cornea of the eye) | Fat |
| 2 | Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | Green vegetables, yeast, milk, and cereals | Beri beri (loss of appetite, retarded growth) | Water |
| 3 | Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | Milk, egg-whites, liver, kidney | Digestive disorders, burning sensation of skin and Cheilosis (they are the fissuring at the corners of the mouth and lips) | Water |
| 4 | Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | Milk products, fish, meat, eggs, cereals, mushroom, guava, etc. | Pellagra, diarrhoea | Water |
| 5 | Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | Yeast, milk, egg yolk, cereals, and grams | Convulsions | Water |
| 6 | Vitamin B12 | Meat, fish, egg, and curd | Pernicious anemia (RBC deficient in hemoglobin) | Water |
| 7 | Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) | Citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, and amla | Scurvy (bleeding gums) | Water |
| 8 | Vitamin D | Exposure to sunlight, egg yolk, and fish | Osteomalacia (soft bones and joint pain in adults) and Rickets (bone deformities in children) | Fat |
| 9 | Vitamin E | Vegetable oils like sunflower oil, wheat germ oil, etc. | Muscular weakness and Increased fragility of RBCs | Fat |
| 10 | Vitamin K | Green leafy vegetables | Increased blood clotting time | Fat |
示例问题
问题1：什么是维生素？举个例子。
回答：
Vitamins are basically the accessory food factors that are required in our diet. These vitamins are certain organic compounds that are required in small amounts but their absence or deficiency can lead to specific diseases. For example, Vitamin A, C, D, E, etc.
问题2：维生素是如何分类的？
回答：
Vitamins are classified on the basis of their solubility in water or fat.
Fat-Soluble Vitamins are soluble in fat and oils but are completely insoluble in water. Examples of these vitamins are Vitamins A, D, E and K. These are stored in the liver and fat-storing adipose tissues.
Water-Soluble Vitamins are soluble in water but are insoluble in oils and fat. B group vitamins and Vitamin C are soluble in water. These vitamins must be supplied regularly in the diet as they get excreted through urine. Except for Vitamin B12, water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in our bodies.
问题3：记下所有由B族维生素引起的缺乏症。
回答：
Name of the vitamin Deficiency Diseases Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Beri beri (loss of appetite, retarded growth) Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Digestive disorders, burning sensation of skin and Cheilosis (they are the fissuring at the corners of the mouth and lips) Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Pellagra, diarrhoea Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Convulsions Vitamin B12 Pernicious anaemia (RBC deficient in haemoglobin)
问题4：哪种维生素不溶于水或油？
回答：
Vitamin H or biotin is neither soluble in water nor in fat.
问题5：哪种维生素负责凝血？提及其来源。
回答：
The vitamin responsible for the coagulation of blood is Vitamin K. It can be found in green leafy vegetables.
问题6：缺乏哪种维生素会导致夜盲症。饮食中必须包括什么来避免它？
回答：
Deficiency of Vitamin A causes night blindness. Milk, fish liver oil, carrots and butter should be included in the diet to avoid it.
问题 7：您通过暴露在阳光下可以获得哪种维生素？记下这种维生素的缺乏症。
回答：
You get Vitamin D by exposure to sunlight. The deficiency diseases of this vitamin are Osteomalacia (soft bones and joint pain in adults) and Rickets (bone deformities in children).