Python中的运算符重载
运算符重载意味着赋予超出其预定义的操作含义的扩展含义。例如运算符+ 用于添加两个整数以及连接两个字符串和合并两个列表。这是可以实现的,因为 '+'运算符被 int 类和 str 类重载。您可能已经注意到,相同的内置运算符或函数对不同类的对象显示不同的行为,这称为运算符重载。
Python3
# Python program to show use of
# + operator for different purposes.
print(1 + 2)
# concatenate two strings
print("Geeks"+"For")
# Product two numbers
print(3 * 4)
# Repeat the String
print("Geeks"*4)
Python3
# Python Program illustrate how
# to overload an binary + operator
class A:
def __init__(self, a):
self.a = a
# adding two objects
def __add__(self, o):
return self.a + o.a
ob1 = A(1)
ob2 = A(2)
ob3 = A("Geeks")
ob4 = A("For")
print(ob1 + ob2)
print(ob3 + ob4)
Python3
# Python Program to perform addition
# of two complex numbers using binary
# + operator overloading.
class complex:
def __init__(self, a, b):
self.a = a
self.b = b
# adding two objects
def __add__(self, other):
return self.a + other.a, self.b + other.b
Ob1 = complex(1, 2)
Ob2 = complex(2, 3)
Ob3 = Ob1 + Ob2
print(Ob3)
Python3
# Python program to overload
# a comparison operators
class A:
def __init__(self, a):
self.a = a
def __gt__(self, other):
if(self.a>other.a):
return True
else:
return False
ob1 = A(2)
ob2 = A(3)
if(ob1>ob2):
print("ob1 is greater than ob2")
else:
print("ob2 is greater than ob1")
Python3
# Python program to overload equality
# and less than operators
class A:
def __init__(self, a):
self.a = a
def __lt__(self, other):
if(self.a
Python3
# Python program which attempts to
# overload ~ operator as binary operator
class A:
def __init__(self, a):
self.a = a
# Overloading ~ operator, but with two operands
def __invert__(self, other):
return "This is the ~ operator, overloaded as binary operator."
ob1 = A(2)
ob2 = A(3)
print(ob1~ob2)
3
GeeksFor
12
GeeksGeeksGeeksGeeks
输出:
3
GeeksFor
12
GeeksGeeksGeeksGeeks
如何重载Python中的运算符?
考虑到我们有两个对象,它们是一个类的物理表示(用户定义的数据类型),我们必须使用二进制“+”运算符添加两个对象,它会引发错误,因为编译器不知道如何添加两个对象.因此,我们为运算符定义了一个方法,该过程称为运算符重载。我们可以重载所有现有的运算符,但我们不能创建一个新的运算符。为了执行运算符重载, Python提供了一些特殊函数或魔术函数,当它与特定运算符关联时会自动调用这些函数。例如,当我们使用 +运算符时,会自动调用魔术方法 __add__ ,其中定义了 +运算符的操作。
在Python中重载二进制 +运算符:
当我们在用户定义的数据类型上使用运算符时,会自动调用与该运算符关联的特殊函数或魔术函数。改变运算符的行为就像改变方法或函数的行为一样简单。您在类中定义方法,运算符根据方法中定义的行为工作。当我们使用 +运算符时,会自动调用魔术方法 __add__ ,其中定义了 +运算符的操作。通过改变这个魔法方法的代码,我们可以给 +运算符赋予额外的意义。
代码 1:
Python3
# Python Program illustrate how
# to overload an binary + operator
class A:
def __init__(self, a):
self.a = a
# adding two objects
def __add__(self, o):
return self.a + o.a
ob1 = A(1)
ob2 = A(2)
ob3 = A("Geeks")
ob4 = A("For")
print(ob1 + ob2)
print(ob3 + ob4)
3
GeeksFor
输出 :
3
GeeksFor
代码 2:
Python3
# Python Program to perform addition
# of two complex numbers using binary
# + operator overloading.
class complex:
def __init__(self, a, b):
self.a = a
self.b = b
# adding two objects
def __add__(self, other):
return self.a + other.a, self.b + other.b
Ob1 = complex(1, 2)
Ob2 = complex(2, 3)
Ob3 = Ob1 + Ob2
print(Ob3)
(3, 5)
输出 :
(3, 5)
在Python中重载运算符:
Python3
# Python program to overload
# a comparison operators
class A:
def __init__(self, a):
self.a = a
def __gt__(self, other):
if(self.a>other.a):
return True
else:
return False
ob1 = A(2)
ob2 = A(3)
if(ob1>ob2):
print("ob1 is greater than ob2")
else:
print("ob2 is greater than ob1")
输出 :
ob2 is greater than ob1
重载相等和小于运算符:
Python3
# Python program to overload equality
# and less than operators
class A:
def __init__(self, a):
self.a = a
def __lt__(self, other):
if(self.a
输出 :
ob1 is lessthan ob2
Not equal
用于运算符重载的Python魔术方法或特殊函数
二元运算符:
Operator | Magic Method |
---|---|
+ | __add__(self, other) |
– | __sub__(self, other) |
* | __mul__(self, other) |
/ | __truediv__(self, other) |
// | __floordiv__(self, other) |
% | __mod__(self, other) |
** | __pow__(self, other) |
>> | __rshift__(self, other) |
<< | __lshift__(self, other) |
& | __and__(self, other) |
| | __or__(self, other) |
^ | __xor__(self, other) |
比较运算符:
Operator | Magic Method |
---|---|
< | __lt__(self, other) |
> | __gt__(self, other) |
<= | __le__(self, other) |
>= | __ge__(self, other) |
== | __eq__(self, other) |
!= | __ne__(self, other) |
赋值运算符:
Operator | Magic Method |
---|---|
-= | __isub__(self, other) |
+= | __iadd__(self, other) |
*= | __imul__(self, other) |
/= | __idiv__(self, other) |
//= | __ifloordiv__(self, other) |
%= | __imod__(self, other) |
**= | __ipow__(self, other) |
>>= | __irshift__(self, other) |
<<= | __ilshift__(self, other) |
&= | __iand__(self, other) |
|= | __ior__(self, other) |
^= | __ixor__(self, other) |
一元运算符:
Operator | Magic Method |
---|---|
– | __neg__(self) |
+ | __pos__(self) |
~ | __invert__(self) |
注意:不能更改运算符的操作数数量。例如。您不能将一元运算运算符重载为二元运算符。以下代码将引发语法错误。
Python3
# Python program which attempts to
# overload ~ operator as binary operator
class A:
def __init__(self, a):
self.a = a
# Overloading ~ operator, but with two operands
def __invert__(self, other):
return "This is the ~ operator, overloaded as binary operator."
ob1 = A(2)
ob2 = A(3)
print(ob1~ob2)