C++ 中的本地类
在函数内部声明的类成为该函数的本地类,在 C++ 中称为本地类。
- 本地类名只能在本地使用,即在函数内部而不是在函数外部。
- 本地类的方法只能在其中定义。
- 本地类可以具有静态函数,但不能具有静态数据成员。
例如,在下面的程序中,Test 是 fun() 中的一个本地类。
CPP
// C++ program without any compilation error
// to demonstrate a Local Class
#include
using namespace std;
// Creating the class
void fun()
{
// local to fun
class Test {
// members of Test class
};
}
// Driver Code
int main() { return 0; }
CPP
// A program without any compilation error to demonstrate
// that a local class type name can only be used
// in the enclosing function
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
// Local class
class Test {
// Body
};
Test t; // Fine
Test* tp; // Fine
}
int main()
{
Test t; // Error
Test* tp; // Error
return 0;
}
CPP
// C++ program without any compilation error to demonstrate
// that all the methods of Local classes must be defined
// inside the class only
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
class Test // local to fun
{
public:
// Fine as the method is defined
// inside the local class
void method()
{
cout << "Local Class method() called";
}
};
Test t;
t.method();
}
int main()
{
fun();
return 0;
}
CPP
// C++ program with compilation error to demonstrate that
// all the methods of Local classes must be defined inside
// the class only
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
class Test // local to fun
{
public:
void method();
};
// Error as the method is defined outside the local
// class
void Test::method() { cout << "Local Class method()"; }
}
int main() { return 0; }
CPP
// A program with compilation error to demonstrate that
// a Local class cannot contain static data members
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
class Test // local to fun
{
static int i;
};
}
int main() { return 0; }
CPP
// C++ program without any compilation error to demonstrate
// that a Local class cannot contain static data members
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
class Test // local to fun
{
public:
static void method()
{
cout << "Local Class method() called";
}
};
Test::method();
}
int main()
{
fun();
return 0;
}
CPP
// C++ program without any compilation error to demonstrate
// that member methods of local class can only access static
// and enum variables of the enclosing function
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
static int x;
enum { i = 1, j = 2 };
// Local class
class Test {
public:
void method()
{
cout << "x = " << x
<< endl; // fine as x is static
cout << "i = " << i
<< endl; // fine as i is enum
}
};
Test t;
t.method();
}
int main()
{
fun();
return 0;
}
CPP
// C++ program with compilation error to demonstrate that
// member methods of local class can only access static
// and enum variables of the enclosing function
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
int x;
// Local class
class Test {
public:
void method() { cout << "x = " << x << endl; }
};
Test t;
t.method();
}
int main()
{
fun();
return 0;
}
CPP
// C++ program without any compilation error to demonstrate
// that Local classes can access global types, variables and
// functions
#include
using namespace std;
int x;
void fun()
{
// First Local class
class Test1 {
public:
Test1() { cout << "Test1::Test1()" << endl; }
};
// Second Local class
class Test2 {
// Fine: A local class can use other local classes
// of same function
Test1 t1;
public:
void method()
{
// Fine: Local class member methods can access
// global variables.
cout << "x = " << x << endl;
}
};
Test2 t;
t.method();
}
int main()
{
fun();
return 0;
}
以下是关于 C++ 中本地类的一些有趣事实:
1)本地类类型名称只能在封闭函数中使用。
例如,在下面的程序中,t 和 tp 的声明在 fun() 中有效,但在 main() 中无效。
CPP
// A program without any compilation error to demonstrate
// that a local class type name can only be used
// in the enclosing function
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
// Local class
class Test {
// Body
};
Test t; // Fine
Test* tp; // Fine
}
int main()
{
Test t; // Error
Test* tp; // Error
return 0;
}
2) Local 类的所有方法必须只在类内部定义。例如,程序 1 工作正常,程序 2 编译失败。
方案一:
CPP
// C++ program without any compilation error to demonstrate
// that all the methods of Local classes must be defined
// inside the class only
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
class Test // local to fun
{
public:
// Fine as the method is defined
// inside the local class
void method()
{
cout << "Local Class method() called";
}
};
Test t;
t.method();
}
int main()
{
fun();
return 0;
}
Local Class method() called
方案二:
CPP
// C++ program with compilation error to demonstrate that
// all the methods of Local classes must be defined inside
// the class only
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
class Test // local to fun
{
public:
void method();
};
// Error as the method is defined outside the local
// class
void Test::method() { cout << "Local Class method()"; }
}
int main() { return 0; }
输出
Compiler Error:
In function 'void fun()':
error: a function-definition is not allowed here before '{' token
3) Local 类不能包含静态数据成员。它可能包含静态函数。 例如,程序 1 编译失败,但程序 2 工作正常。
方案一:
CPP
// A program with compilation error to demonstrate that
// a Local class cannot contain static data members
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
class Test // local to fun
{
static int i;
};
}
int main() { return 0; }
输出
Compiler Error:
In function 'void fun()':
error: local class 'class fun()::Test' shall not have static data member 'int fun()::Test::i'
方案二:
CPP
// C++ program without any compilation error to demonstrate
// that a Local class cannot contain static data members
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
class Test // local to fun
{
public:
static void method()
{
cout << "Local Class method() called";
}
};
Test::method();
}
int main()
{
fun();
return 0;
}
Local Class method() called
4)本地类的成员方法只能访问封闭函数的静态和枚举变量。封闭函数的非静态变量在本地类中是不可访问的。 例如,程序 1 编译并运行良好。但是,程序 2 编译失败。
方案一:
CPP
// C++ program without any compilation error to demonstrate
// that member methods of local class can only access static
// and enum variables of the enclosing function
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
static int x;
enum { i = 1, j = 2 };
// Local class
class Test {
public:
void method()
{
cout << "x = " << x
<< endl; // fine as x is static
cout << "i = " << i
<< endl; // fine as i is enum
}
};
Test t;
t.method();
}
int main()
{
fun();
return 0;
}
x = 0
i = 1
方案二:
CPP
// C++ program with compilation error to demonstrate that
// member methods of local class can only access static
// and enum variables of the enclosing function
#include
using namespace std;
void fun()
{
int x;
// Local class
class Test {
public:
void method() { cout << "x = " << x << endl; }
};
Test t;
t.method();
}
int main()
{
fun();
return 0;
}
错误:
prog.cpp: In member function ‘void fun()::Test::method()’:
prog.cpp:14:43: error: use of local variable with automatic storage from containing function
void method() { cout << “x = ” << x << endl; }
^
prog.cpp:9:9: note: ‘int x’ declared here
int x;
^
5)本地类可以访问全局类型、变量和函数。此外,本地类可以访问相同函数的其他本地类。 例如,以下程序可以正常工作。
CPP
// C++ program without any compilation error to demonstrate
// that Local classes can access global types, variables and
// functions
#include
using namespace std;
int x;
void fun()
{
// First Local class
class Test1 {
public:
Test1() { cout << "Test1::Test1()" << endl; }
};
// Second Local class
class Test2 {
// Fine: A local class can use other local classes
// of same function
Test1 t1;
public:
void method()
{
// Fine: Local class member methods can access
// global variables.
cout << "x = " << x << endl;
}
};
Test2 t;
t.method();
}
int main()
{
fun();
return 0;
}
Test1::Test1()
x = 0
必读: C++ 中的嵌套类