烷基和环状烃
有机化合物是碳的化合物。碳氢化合物是含有氢和碳的有机化合物。石油,也称为原油,是碳氢化合物最重要的天然来源。饱和烃和不饱和烃是烃的两种类型。当烃以环的形式排列时,它们被称为环状烃。下面进一步讨论饱和和不饱和的环状烃。此外,下面还讨论了当从饱和烃中除去一个氢原子时形成的烷基。
什么是饱和烃?
饱和烃是其中所有碳原子通过单键连接的烃。烷烃是饱和烃的另一个名称。烷烃是碳原子之间只有一个共价键的烃。在烷烃中,没有双键或三键。甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷等是称为烷烃的化合物。
Saturated hydrocarbons, or alkanes, have the general formula CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms in one molecule of the alkane.
什么是不饱和烃?
不饱和烃是碳原子通过双键或三键连接的烃。当两个碳原子共享两对电子时形成双键,而当两个碳原子之间共享三对电子时形成三键。
An alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with two carbon atoms connected by a double bond. Alkene has the general formula CnH2n, where n is the number of carbon atoms in one molecule.
最简单的烯烃分子中有两个碳原子,因为烯烃在两个碳原子之间只有一个双键。不存在单碳烯烃。乙烯是具有两个碳原子的最简单的烯烃。
An alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with two carbon atoms connected by a triple bond. Alkyne has the general formula CnH2n-2 where n is the number of carbon atoms in one molecule of the alkyne.
最简单的炔烃在分子中将有两个碳原子,因为炔烃在两个碳原子之间只有一个三键。不存在单碳炔烃。乙炔是具有两个碳原子的最简单的炔烃。不饱和烃比饱和烃更具反应性。因此烯烃和炔烃通常比烷烃更具化学反应性。
烷基
An alkyl group is formed when one hydrogen atom is removed from a saturated hydrocarbon (alkane). When this hydrogen is removed, the stem changes from -ane to -yl, indicating an alkyl group. Alkyl is a functional group of organic chemicals that is made up entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms organized in a chain.
甲基(CH 3 -)和乙基(C 2 H 5 -)是烷基的两个例子。当从甲烷CH 4中除去一个氢时,形成甲基-CH 3 。类似地,从乙烷(CH 3 CH 3 )中除去一个氢原子会导致形成乙基-CH 2 CH 3 。它们不是单独发现的,而是被发现附着在其他碳氢化合物上。甲基和乙基的结构式如下所列。
上述烷基碳原子上的自由线(-)表示烷基中的一价碳原子是自由的。一些官能团或其他烷基可以连接到这个自由价的碳上。烷基的通式是C n H 2n+1其中n是碳原子数。
环烃
In addition to straight-chain and branched-chain hydrocarbons, some other hydrocarbons have carbon atoms arranged in a ring. Such hydrocarbons are called cyclic hydrocarbons.
环状烃的碳链形成环。可以存在饱和或不饱和的环状烃。存在无数有机化合物,其中一系列碳原子闭合形成环而不是连接成链。下面进一步讨论饱和环烃和不饱和环烃。
饱和环烃
Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only one ring. A cycloalkane is a cyclic hydrocarbon with single carbon-carbon bonds on all of its carbon atoms.
它们比碳原子数相同的烷烃少两个氢原子,通式为C n H 2n (n 是大于 2 的整数)。环丙烷 (C 3 H 6 ) 是最简单的环烷烃,具有三碳环。其极度应变的几何形状使其不稳定且具有反应性,而环己烷 (C 6 H 12 ) 是研究最多、最著名、最重要的环烷烃。环烷环通常表示为多边形,每个角对应一个碳原子,所需数量的氢原子连接到该碳原子上,使键的总数达到四个。
环状烃的结构式可以以多种方式表示,其中两种已在上面说明。每个原子都可以用上图中左边的结构来表示。如右侧三角形所示,省略元素符号只显示形状是简单的简写。三角形的顶点被认为是碳原子。最基本的环烷烃是环丙烷,由于其高度应变的几何形状,它非常不稳定且具有反应性。环己烷是具有六个碳的环烷烃。存在较大的环烷烃,但它们很少见。
不饱和环状烃
Unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons are also possible. A cyclic hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond is known as a cycloalkene.
具有至少一个碳-碳三键的环状烃称为环炔烃。苯是最常见的环烯烃之一。一个苯分子有六个碳原子和六个氢原子。该分子中有三个碳碳双键和三个碳碳单键。它还包括六个单碳氢键。以下是环己烯(C 6 H 10 )和苯(C 6 H 6 )的结构。
环己烯 (C 6 H 10 ) 是一种具有特殊气味的易燃液体。由于双键的功能性,允许应用广泛的化学物质以及衍生下游中间体和产品,例如环氧化物、二醇和其他有用的下游产品,它是一种反应性烯烃,可用于在几个不同的市场中用作构建块。
示例问题
问题1:据说环丙烷非常活泼。为什么?
回答:
Cyclopropane has an extremely strained geometry which makes it unstable and reactive.
问题2:什么是芳烃?
回答:
The cyclic compounds which contain a single and a double bond at alternate positions and exhibit special properties are known as aromatic hydrocarbons.
问题 3:确定给定化合物 C 5 H 10和 C 6 H 6中哪些是饱和环烃
回答:
The general formula of saturated cyclic hydrocarbons is CnH2n where n is an integer greater than 2. For C5H10, n=5, and on putting n=5 in the general formula we get, C5H2(5) i.e., C5H10, which matches the given compound. So, it is a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon.
For, C6H6, n=6, and on putting n=6 in the general formula we get, C6H2(6) i.e., C6H12, which do not matches the given compound. So, it is not a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon.
问题 4:给出给定化合物 C 3 H 8的烷基分子式。
回答:
An alkyl group is formed when one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane. The general formula of an alkyl group is CnH2n+1 where n is the number of carbon atoms. For the given compound C3H8, n=3, so putting n=3 in the general formula of the alkyl group, we get C3H2(3)+1 i.e., C3H7. Hence for the given compound, the formula of the alkyl group is -C3H7.
问题5:饱和环烃的通式是否与任何简单的烃相似?
回答:
The general formula of saturated cyclic hydrocarbons is CnH2n where n is an integer greater than 2. Also, the general formula for an alkene is CnH2n, where n is the number of carbon atoms. So, the general formula of saturated cyclic hydrocarbons is similar to that of alkenes.