什么是铜？ –定义，出现，属性，用途
铜 (II) 盐是常见的化合物，通常会赋予蓝铜矿、孔雀石和绿松石等矿物质以蓝色或绿色，并且在历史上已被广泛用作颜料。建筑中使用的铜，通常用于屋顶，氧化形成绿色铜绿。铜化合物用于制造抑菌剂、杀菌剂和木材防腐剂。
它是一种柔软、有延展性和延展性的金属，具有高导热性和导电性。刚暴露的纯铜表面的颜色是粉橙色。铜被用作热和电导体、建筑材料和多种金属合金的成分，包括珠宝中的纯银、航海硬件和硬币中的白铜，以及温度测量应变计和热电偶中的康铜。
Copper has the chemical symbol Cu and the atomic number 29. Copper is required as a trace dietary mineral by all living organisms because it is a component of the respiratory enzyme complex cytochrome c oxidase. Copper is primarily found in the liver, muscle, and bone in humans.
铜的出现
- 铜是在大质量恒星中产生的，在地壳中发现的浓度约为 50 ppm。
- 铜存在于多种矿物中，包括天然铜、硫化铜（如黄铜矿、斑铜矿、闪铜矿、铜蓝矿和辉铜矿）、铜硫盐、碳酸铜（如蓝铜矿和孔雀石）以及铜 (I) 或铜 (II) 氧化物，如赤铜矿。
- 铜是地壳中第 25位最丰富的元素，占百万分之 50 (ppm)，而锌为百万分之 75，铅为百万分之 14。
铜的特性
- 铜是一种微红色金属，具有面心立方晶体结构。
- 由于其能带结构，它反射红色和橙色光并吸收可见光谱中的其他频率，使其呈现出漂亮的微红色。
- 它具有延展性、延展性和优良的热和电导体。
- 它比锌更柔软，可以抛光成闪闪发光的光泽。
- 铜是一种化学反应性低的金属。
- 在潮湿的空气中，它会形成一层绿色的表面膜，称为铜绿，保护金属免受进一步氧化。
铜的用途
硫酸铜被广泛用作农业中的毒药和水净化中的杀藻剂。虽然许多人不认为铜除了用于硬币之外没有其他用途，但它是青铜生产中的重要组成部分。
铜是人类历史上第一种使用的金属。青铜时代以发现可以用少量锡硬化形成合金青铜而得名。它用于各种产品，包括罐头、烹饪箔和平底锅，以及电缆、飞机和航天器。
导电性尤为重要，因为线材占全球铜消费量的一半以上。用于半导体制造的化学气相沉积是从气相前体沉积薄铜膜的过程。铜主要用作金和银合金，并且经常镀上一种或另一种。
铜主要用于电气设备（60%）和建筑（20%），以及热交换器（15%）和合金（5%）等工业设备。青铜、黄铜（一种铜锌合金）、铜锡锌，其强度足以制造枪支和大炮，被称为青铜色，以及铜和镍，被称为白铜，是低面额的首选金属硬币，是主要的历史悠久的铜合金。铜是电线的绝佳选择，因为它易于加工，可以拉成细线，并且具有高导电性。
Copper in the environment
Copper is a very common substance that occurs naturally in the environment and spreads through natural processes. Copper is widely used by humans. Copper production in the world is still increasing. This essentially means that an increasing amount of copper ends up in the environment. Rivers are depositing copper-contaminated sludge on their banks as a result of the disposal of copper-containing wastewater. Copper enters the atmosphere primarily through the combustion of fossil fuels. Copper in the air will remain there for an extended period of time before settling when it begins to rain. It will then primarily end up in soils. As a result, soils may contain significant amounts of copper after copper from the air has settled.
Copper can be released into the environment through both natural and human sources. Wind-blown dust, decaying vegetation, forest fires, and sea spray are examples of natural sources. Several human activities that contribute to copper release have already been identified. Mining, metal production, wood production, and phosphate fertiliser production are some other examples. Copper is very common in the environment because it is released both naturally and through human activity. Copper is frequently discovered near mines, industrial settings, landfills, and waste disposal sites.
示例问题
问题1：铜有哪些用途？
回答：
Copper is used primarily in electrical wiring, roofing, plumbing, and industrial machinery. Copper in its pure form is used in the majority of these applications. It can, however, be alloyed with other metals to achieve higher levels of hardness. Copper wires have been used in power generation, distribution, transmission, and electronic circuits. In fact, electrical wiring consumes more than half of all mined copper.
问题 2：为什么 Copper 不遵循 Aufbau 原则？
回答：
Because of the relatively low energy gap between the 3d and 4s orbitals, as well as the added stability provided by a completely filled d-orbital, the electronic configuration of copper does not obey the Aufbau principle.
问题3：Aufbau的原理是什么？
回答：
The Aufbau principle governs how electrons are filled in an atom’s atomic orbitals in its ground state. According to this theory, electrons are filled into atomic orbitals in ascending sequence of orbital energy level. According to the Aufbau principle, the lowest energy levels of accessible atomic orbitals are occupied first, followed by higher energy levels.
问题4：铜对人体有什么影响？
回答：
Long-term copper exposure can cause nose, throat, and eye inflammation, as well as headaches, stomach aches, dizziness, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Copper absorption that is excessively high can cause liver and kidney damage, as well as death. It has not yet been determined whether copper is carcinogenic.
问题5：铜对人体有毒吗？
回答：
Copper is essential for good health. Higher doses, on the other hand, may be harmful. Copper dust can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, and diarrhoea by irritating your nose, mouth, and eyes.