金属腐蚀
如果金属具有反应性,其表面可能会受到大气中空气和水分的缓慢侵蚀。金属与表面上形成空气的化合物的氧气和水蒸气发生反应。这些化合物的形成使金属失去光泽。在金属表面形成的化合物逐渐从金属表面脱落,然后下面的金属受到空气和水的侵蚀。这个过程一直在继续。就这样,空气和水的作用逐渐吞噬了整个金属。
什么是腐蚀?
The eating up of metals by the action of air, water or chemicals such as acid on their surface is called corrosion. Metals corrode when they are exposed to moist air.
例如-
铁金属在潮湿空气中放置相当长的时间会腐蚀。当一个铁质物体在潮湿的空气中放置相当长的时间时,它的表面就会形成一种叫做“铁锈”的红棕色物质。铁锈柔软且多孔,逐渐从铁制品表面脱落,下面的铁开始腐蚀。因此,铁的腐蚀是一个持续的过程,最终会吃掉整个铁制品。由于腐蚀,每年都会损失大量金属。金属的活性越高,腐蚀它的速度就越快。
铝金属的腐蚀
可以观察到,铝制器皿很快就会失去光泽并变得暗淡无光。这是由于铝金属暴露在潮湿空气中会变质。当闪亮的铝金属暴露在潮湿的空气中时,空气中的氧气会与金属发生反应,在其上生成一层薄薄的、无光泽的氧化铝膜。
由于暴露在潮湿空气中会形成这种无光泽的氧化铝层,因此铝制容器在使用后很快就会失去光泽。由于铝金属比铁更具反应性,因此当与潮湿空气接触时,新鲜铝开始迅速腐蚀。
当潮湿的空气与铝金属接触时,会在其上形成一层薄薄的氧化铝。该氧化铝层非常坚韧,可以防止下面的金属进一步腐蚀,因为潮湿的空气无法通过氧化铝层。
因此,通过这种方式,在铝制品表面形成的一层薄薄的氧化铝层可以保护它们免受进一步腐蚀。
How is corrosion of aluminium sometimes useful?
The corrosion of aluminium is sometimes useful because a newly cut piece of aluminium metal corrodes quickly to form a strong layer of aluminium oxide on its surface which then protects the aluminium piece from further corrosion. So, aluminium objects are not attacked by air and water due to the presence of protective oxide layer and hence these objects are not easily corroded. Therefore, aluminium is a common metal that is very resistant to corrosion.
阳极氧化
Since, on exposure of aluminium objects to moist air and water, there is a formation of a thin aluminium oxide layer on the surface of the objects, which prevents the objects from further corrosion. If this aluminium oxide layer on the surface of the aluminium objects could somehow be made thicker, then the aluminium objects would be protected from corrosion even more effectively. This can be done by a process of ‘anodising’.
铝制物体在电解稀硫酸的电解槽中成为阳极(正极)。在电解过程中,氧气从阳极逸出并与铝物体发生反应,在其表面形成较厚的氧化铝层。这种更厚、更均匀的氧化铝涂层成功地保护了铝制物体免受腐蚀。
因此,阳极氧化是通过在稀硫酸电解过程中使其成为阳极,在铝物体上形成一层厚厚的氧化铝的过程。铝制物品,如炊具、压力锅等,经过阳极氧化处理以防止腐蚀。氧化铝层可以染色,使物体具有一些吸引人的颜色。
铜金属的腐蚀
可以观察到,铜物体由于其上形成了氧化铜层而逐渐失去光泽。当铜金属暴露在大气中时,铜会氧化,导致光亮的铜表面失去光泽。一段时间后,失去光泽变成深棕色或黑色,然后变成绿色。
铜腐蚀可分为均匀铜腐蚀和非均匀铜腐蚀两种。
在未污染的空气、水和非氧化性酸中,铜腐蚀的发生率微乎其微。在氧化酸、氧化重金属盐、硫、氨以及一些硫和氨化合物时,它对攻击更敏感。铜是有毒的,可以渗入新旧房屋的自来水中。
腐蚀是这种浸出的原因。人类可以耐受少量的铜,因为它是必需的营养素,但过多的铜会导致肠胃不适。随着时间的推移,铜中毒会损害肝脏和肾脏。当铜物体长时间暴露在潮湿的空气中时,铜与空气中的二氧化碳和水结合,在物体表面形成一层绿色的碱式碳酸铜。铜物体表面的这种绿色涂层会腐蚀它。这种碱式碳酸铜涂层是碳酸铜和氢氧化铜的混合物 .
铜的腐蚀反应是,
How can corrosion of copper be removed?
A green substance called basic copper carbonate is formed when copper metal corrodes in the presence of oxygen. The corrosion of copper metal is very slow because the copper metal is low in the reactivity series. A dilute acid solution can be used to clean the corroded copper vessels. The acid solution dissolves green coloured basic copper carbonate present on the corroded copper vessels and makes them look shiny and red-brown again.
银金属的腐蚀
银是一种具有延展性且柔软的灰白色金属。它是一种与铂金和黄金并列的贵金属,是所有金属中最好的导电体。银器在空气中放置时,会失去光泽,变得暗淡无光,逐渐变黑。当银暴露在空气中时,会在银表面形成一层硫化银。
为什么银金属耐腐蚀?
银不易与空气中的氧气发生反应,因为银是一种高度不活泼的金属。但空气中含有一些硫化合物,如硫化氢气体。结果,银色物体与空气中的硫化氢气体 H 2 S 缓慢反应,形成黑色硫化银 Ag 2 S 涂层。
银的腐蚀反应是,
因此,由于空气中存在的硫化氢气体的作用,在银金属表面形成一层薄薄的硫化银层,使银金属逐渐变黑。银金属是一种有光泽且光亮的金属,不具化学反应性。因此,银色金属失去光泽并非常缓慢地变暗。因为银不易氧化,所以众所周知它是耐腐蚀的。因此,银金属相当耐腐蚀。
已解决的问题
问题 1:当铝制容器保持在开放环境中时会发生什么?
回答:
Aluminium vessel gets oxidised when it is kept in open atmosphere. The oxygen in the air reacts with the vessel to generate a thin, dull film of aluminium oxide all over it.
问题 2:举一个具有高度耐腐蚀性的普通金属的例子。
回答:
A common metal that is highly resistant to corrosion is aluminium.
问题 3:铝制品表面氧化铝的形成如何保护其免受进一步腐蚀?
回答:
If the aluminium oxide layer on the surface of the aluminium objects could somehow be made thicker, then the aluminium objects would be protected from further corrosion. This can be done by a process of ‘anodising’ where a thick layer of aluminium oxide is formed on the aluminium object by making it anode during the electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid.
问题四:铜器被腐蚀后会变成什么颜色?
回答:
Copper metal reacts slowly with the carbon dioxide and moisture of air to form a coating of basic copper carbonate which is green in color. So, after corrosion the color of the copper object turns into green.
问题5:金属银容易与空气中的氧气发生反应吗?
回答:
Silver does not react with oxygen of air easily because silver is a highly unreactive metal.
问题 6:哪些物品可以用银制成,为什么?
回答:
Silver jewellery, coins, utensils and decorative articles can be made from silver metal because of the bright shiny surface of silver and also because it is resistant to corrosion.
问题 7:尽管铝是一种高活性金属,但铝仍被用于制造烹饪用具。为什么?
回答:
Aluminium is highly reactive metal so it corrodes quickly to form a layer of aluminium oxide on its surface. This layer is very tough and protects the object from further corrosion. So, aluminium objects are not attacked by air and water due to the presence of protective oxide layer and hence these objects are not easily corroded. Therefore, aluminium is used to make utensils for cooking even though aluminium is highly reactive metal.