df['treat_rate']=df.treats/df.groupby('pet').treats.transform('sum')
df
Out[153]: 
    pet  treats  lbs  treat_rate
0   cat       2  5.0        0.25
1   dog       1  9.9        0.50
2  snek       3  1.1        1.00
3   cat       6  4.5        0.75
4   dog       1  9.4        0.50