📅  最后修改于: 2023-12-03 15:19:34.460000             🧑  作者: Mango
N-Queen问题是一个著名的图论问题,在一个 n×n 的棋盘上放置 n 个皇后,使得它们互相之间不能攻击(即不能在同一行、同一列或同一条对角线上),求所有合法的摆法数量。
这个问题可以使用回溯算法(backtracking)来解决,算法枚举了所有可能的摆法,从中找出正确的摆法。
在Python语言中,利用递归的回溯算法可以非常方便地解决 N-Queen 问题。
def is_valid(board, row, col):
"""
Check if it is valid to place a queen at board[row][col].
Only need to check the upper part of the board because the lower part is not filled yet.
"""
for i in range(row):
if board[i] == col or \
row - i == col - board[i] or \
row - i == board[i] - col:
return False
return True
def backtrack(board, row, n, res):
"""
Backtracking function to find all valid solutions.
"""
if row == n:
res.append(board[:])
return
for col in range(n):
if is_valid(board, row, col):
board[row] = col
backtrack(board, row+1, n, res)
board[row] = -1
def solve_n_queens(n):
"""
Solve the n queens problem.
"""
board = [-1] * n
res = []
backtrack(board, 0, n, res)
return res
在Java语言中,同样可以使用回溯算法来解决 N-Queen 问题。
public class NQueen {
public void solveNQueens(int n) {
int[][] board = new int[n][n];
backtrack(board, 0);
}
private boolean is_valid(int[][] board, int row, int col) {
// check if there are queens on the same column
for (int i = 0; i < row; i++) {
if (board[i][col] == 1) {
return false;
}
}
// check if there are queens on the same diagonal
for (int i = row-1, j = col-1; i >= 0 && j >= 0; i--, j--) {
if (board[i][j] == 1) {
return false;
}
}
for (int i = row-1, j = col+1; i >= 0 && j < board.length; i--, j++) {
if (board[i][j] == 1) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
private void backtrack(int[][] board, int row) {
if (row == board.length) {
print_board(board);
return;
}
for (int col = 0; col < board.length; col++) {
if (is_valid(board, row, col)) {
board[row][col] = 1;
backtrack(board, row+1);
board[row][col] = 0;
}
}
}
private void print_board(int[][] board) {
for (int i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (int j = 0; j < board.length; j++) {
if (board[i][j] == 1) {
sb.append('Q');
} else {
sb.append('.');
}
}
System.out.println(sb.toString());
}
System.out.println();
}
}
以上是Python和Java两种语言中解决 N-Queen 问题的代码。可以看到,它们在思路和实现上有很多相似之处,但具体的细节还是有所不同的。回溯算法虽然有些细节比较复杂,但已经被广泛应用于各种图论问题中,尤其是在状态搜索和遍历的问题中表现非常优异。