📅  最后修改于: 2020-10-17 06:10:31             🧑  作者: Mango
C++ STL algorithm.lower_bound()函数是二进制搜索的版本。此函数用于返回一个迭代器,该迭代器在不小于(即大于或等于)指定值val的有序范围内(第一个,最后一个)指向第一个元素。
第一个版本使用运算符<比较元素,第二个版本使用comp函数。
default (1) template
ForwardIterator lower_bound (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& val);
custom (2) template
ForwardIterator lower_bound (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& val, Compare comp);
first:指向要搜索范围内第一个元素的前向迭代器。
last:一个正向迭代器,指向要搜索范围内的过去最后一个元素。
comp:用户定义的二进制谓词函数,该函数接受两个参数,如果两个参数顺序正确,则返回true,否则返回false。它遵循严格的弱排序来对元素进行排序。
val:下限值,用于比较范围内的元素。
它返回一个迭代器,该迭代器指向不小于val的范围的第一个元素;如果找不到该元素,则返回last。
平均而言,复杂度是first和last之间的距离的对数:最多执行log2(N)+ 1个元素比较,其中N = last-first。
访问范围为[first,last)的对象。
如果元素比较或迭代器上的操作引发异常,则此函数引发异常。
注意:无效的参数会导致未定义的行为。
让我们看一个简单的例子来演示lower_bound()的用法:
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector v = {3, 1, 4, 6, 5};
decltype(v)::iterator it = lower_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 4);
cout << *it << ", pos = " << (it - v.begin()) << endl;
return 0;
}
输出:
4, pos = 2
让我们看另一个简单的例子:
#include // std::cout
#include // std::lower_bound, std::upper_bound, std::sort
#include // std::vector
using namespace std;
int main () {
int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,20};
vector v(myints,myints+8); // 10 20 30 30 20 10 10 20
sort (v.begin(), v.end()); // 10 10 10 20 20 20 30 30
vector::iterator low,up;
low=lower_bound (v.begin(), v.end(), 20); // ^
up= upper_bound (v.begin(), v.end(), 20); // ^
cout << "lower_bound at position " << (low- v.begin()) << '\n';
cout << "upper_bound at position " << (up - v.begin()) << '\n';
return 0;
}
输出:
lower_bound at position 3
upper_bound at position 6
让我们看另一个简单的例子:
#include
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
template>
ForwardIt binary_find(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last, const T& value, Compare comp={})
{
// Note: BOTH type T and the type after ForwardIt is dereferenced
// must be implicitly convertible to BOTH Type1 and Type2, used in Compare.
// This is stricter than lower_bound requirement (see above)
first = lower_bound(first, last, value, comp);
return first != last && !comp(value, *first) ? first: last;
}
int main()
{
vector data = { 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6 };
auto lower = lower_bound(data.begin(), data.end(), 4);
auto upper = upper_bound(data.begin(), data.end(), 4);
copy(lower, upper, ostream_iterator(cout, " "));
cout << '\n';
// classic binary search, returning a value only if it is present
data = { 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10 };
auto it = binary_find(data.cbegin(), data.cend(), 4); //< choosing '5' will return end()
if(it != data.cend())
cout << *it << " found at index "<< distance(data.cbegin(), it);
return 0;
}
输出:
4 4 4
4 found at index 2
让我们看另一个简单的例子:
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
bool ignore_case(char a, char b) {
return(tolower(a) == tolower(b));
}
int main(void) {
vector v = {'A', 'b', 'C', 'd', 'E'};
auto it = lower_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 'C');
cout << "First element which is greater than \'C\' is " << *it << endl;
it = lower_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 'C', ignore_case);
cout << "First element which is greater than \'C\' is " << *it << endl;
it = lower_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 'z', ignore_case);
cout << "All elements are less than \'z\'." << endl;
return 0;
}
输出:
First element which is greater than 'C' is b
First element which is greater than 'C' is d
All elements are less than 'z'.