2.外壳：
shell 是一种环境或特殊的用户程序，它为用户提供使用操作系统服务的接口。它根据用户提供的输入执行程序。
2. 内核：
内核是管理计算机和硬件操作的操作系统的核心和核心。它通过访问各种计算机资源，如 CPU、I/O 设备和其他资源，充当用户和系统资源之间的桥梁。
Shell 和 Kernel 的区别：
| S.No. | Shell | Kernel |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Shell allows the users to communicate with the kernel. | Kernel controls all the tasks of the system. |
| 2. | It is the interface between kernel and user. | It is the core of the operating system. |
| 3. | It is a command line interpreter (CLI). | Its a low level program interfacing with the hardware (CPU, RAM, disks) on top of which applications are running. |
| 4. | Its types are – Bourne Shell, C shell, Korn Shell, etc. | Its types are – Monolithic Kernel, Micro kernel, Hybrid kernel, etc. |
| 5. | It carries out commands on a group of files by specifying a pattern to match | It performs memory management. |
| 6. | Shell commands like ls, mkdir and many more can be used to request to complete the specific operation to the OS. | It performs process management. |
| 7. | It is the outer layer of OS. | It is the inner layer of OS. |
| 8. | It interacts with user and interprets to machine understandable language. | Kernel directly interacts with the hardware by accepting machine understandable language from the shell. |