胶体分类
在我们深入了解如何对胶体进行分类之前,首先要定义什么是胶体,这一点很重要。胶体是一种由大分子与化学中的另一种物质混合而成的材料。这包括范围广泛的物品,其中许多物品您可能已经在家中拥有,这就是为什么我们分解它们的类别至关重要的原因。根据应用采用各种方法或以各种方式考虑胶体。
胶体可以根据分散介质和分散相的物理状态、两者之间的相互作用类型或分散相中的粒子类型进行分类。
- 分散介质:是胶体溶液中颗粒均匀分散的介质(或相)。例如
- 在金溶胶中,水是分散介质,因为金颗粒分布在其中。
- 在雾中,空气是分散介质,因为液体分布在其中。
- 分散相:它是在整个胶体溶液中均匀分散的相。例如
- 在金溶胶中,金的颗粒是分散相。
- 在云中,尘埃和水蒸气的颗粒是分散相。
胶体分类
胶体根据不同的标准分为不同的类别:
- 根据分散相和分散介质的物理状态对胶体进行分类。
- 基于分子间相互作用的胶体分类
- 根据颗粒大小对胶体进行分类。
基于分散相和分散介质的物理状态的胶体分类
胶体可根据分散相和分散介质分为七类。它们在下表中给出:
Dispersed Phase | Dispersion Medium | Name of Colloid | Examples |
Solid | Solid | Solid sol | Coloured Glass, Gemstones, Rock Salt, some alloys. |
Solid | Liquid | Sol | Paints, inks, gold sol, silver sol, muddy water, starch. |
Solid | Gas | Solid aerosol | Smoke, dust storms, exhaust from industries and automobiles. |
Liquid | Solid | Gels | Jellies, Cheese, curd, shoe-polish. |
Liquid | Liquid | Emulsion | Milk, butter, cod liver oil |
Gas | Solid | Solid Foam | Pumice stone, rubber, cake. |
Gas | Liquid | Foam | Soap lather, soda (CO2 is dissolved in water) water, whipped cream |
上表中使用的术语定义如下:
- 乳液:将一种液体的微小液滴精细分散到另一种不混溶的液体中,称为乳液。液滴的直径范围为 10 -4至 10 -6 cm。
- 固体气溶胶——将非常微小的固体颗粒分散到气体中的溶液称为固体气溶胶。
- 固体溶胶——一种胶体系统,其中一种固体物质的颗粒分散到另一种固体物质的颗粒中。
- 凝胶 –一种胶体溶液,其中微小的液滴分散到固体分散介质中。
- 固体泡沫——一种胶体溶液,其中微小的气体颗粒溶解在固体分散介质中。
基于分子间相互作用的胶体分类
根据分子之间的相互作用,胶体可分为两类:
- 亲液胶体(喜欢溶剂)——这些类型的胶体溶液在分散相颗粒和分散介质颗粒之间具有很强的亲和力。它们非常稳定。它们不易凝固,需要强电解质进行凝固。亲液胶体的一些例子是口香糖、淀粉、明胶、蛋白质。如果在亲水胶体中以水作为分散介质,则称为亲水胶体。
- 疏液胶体(耐溶剂)——这些类型的胶体溶液在分散相颗粒和分散介质颗粒之间具有弱亲和力。它们不如亲液胶体稳定。通过添加少量电解质,它们可以很容易地凝结。疏液胶体的一些例子是银溶胶、氢氧化铁溶胶和硫化亚砷溶胶。如果在亲液胶体中以水作为分散介质,则称为疏水胶体。
基于胶体颗粒大小的胶体分类
胶体根据胶体颗粒的大小分为三个不同的类别,
- 多分子胶体——这些胶体由由大量原子或分子聚集而成的颗粒组成。粒子的原子和分子通过范德华力结合在一起。例如,颗粒存在于金和硫溶胶中。
- 大分子胶体——将大分子溶解在合适的溶剂中形成的胶体称为大分子胶体。例如,蛋白质、淀粉等天然聚合物。
- 相关胶体——某些物质的分子本质上是双亲的,这意味着这些颗粒的分子包含一个非极性亲水部分和一个极性疏水部分。在低浓度时,这些颗粒充当电解质,但在高浓度时,这些颗粒充当胶体,由这些颗粒形成的胶体溶液称为相关胶体溶液。这些胶体颗粒称为胶束。胶束在一定浓度的溶液之上形成。例如,Soap和清洁剂会形成相关的胶体。
问题
问题 1. 胶体溶液的颗粒在不受干扰的情况下不会沉降,但悬浮液的颗粒会沉降。解释。
回答:
The particles of the colloidal solution is in the range of 10-7 – 10-5 cm (1-100 nm) while the particles of the suspension are in the range of >10-5 (>100nm). Thus, it is very clear the particles of the colloidal solution are much smaller than the particles of the suspension. Thus, due to the smaller size of the particles, there is greater molecular interaction between the particles which holds them and thus, does not settle down when left undisturbed.
问题2:您将如何借助滤纸区分胶体溶液和悬浮液?
回答:
We can easily distinguish between a colloidal solution and a suspension with the help of filter paper by filtering both the solution through the filter paper. You will find that the particles of the colloidal solution can easily pass through the filter paper but the particles of the suspension cannot pass through the filter paper.
问题3:烟雾和云都是气溶胶。他们是一样的吗?解释。
回答:
No, they are not the same. This is because smoke is a solid aerosol where the dispersion medium is gas and the dispersed phase is solid while clouds are liquid aerosol where the dispersion medium is liquid but the dispersed phase is liquid. Thus, they are different.
问题4:列出胶体的四个主要性质。
回答:
The four main properties of colloids are:
- They are a heterogeneous mixture.
- The size of the colloidal particles is too small to be seen by naked eyes.
- The particles of the colloids are large enough to scatter light and thus shows the Tyndall effect.
- They cannot be separated by using filter paper as they can pass through filter paper.
问题 5:说明下列胶体的分散介质和分散相:
(a) 油漆
(b) 岩盐
(c) 鲜奶油
回答:
The following table shows the dispersion medium along with the dispersed phase of the given colloids as,
问题 6:什么是廷德尔效应?
回答:
When a beam of light is allowed to pass through a colloidal solution placed in a dark room, we can see the illuminated path of light from a direction of right angles to the direction of incident light due to the scattering of the light due to the colloidal particles. This phenomenon of scattering of light by the particles of the colloids is known as the Tyndall effect.
问题7:亲液胶体和疏液胶体的主要区别是什么?
回答:
以下是亲液胶体和疏液胶体之间的区别: Colloid Dispersion Medium Dispersed Phase Paints Liquid Solid Rock Salt Solid Solid Whipped Cream Liquid Gas (a) (b) (c)