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📜  什么是Windows

📅  最后修改于: 2020-11-07 04:39:09             🧑  作者: Mango

什么是Windows?

Windows是Microsoft开发的图形操作系统。它允许用户查看和存储文件，运行软件，玩游戏，观看视频，并提供连接到Internet的方法。它被发布用于家庭计算和专业作品。

Microsoft推出了第一个版本1.0

它于1983年11月10日发布，用于家庭计算和Windows的专业功能。后来，它在Windows的许多版本以及当前版本的Windows 10中发布。

1993年，发布了第一个面向业务的Windows版本，即Windows NT 3.1。然后，它推出了下一个版本，即Windows 3.5、4 / 0和Windows2000。Microsoft在2001年发布XP Windows时，该公司针对个人和商业环境设计了各种版本。它是基于标准x86硬件(例如Intel和AMD处理器)设计的。因此，它可以在不同品牌的硬件上运行，例如HP，Dell和Sony计算机，包括家用PC。

Windows版本

Microsoft从Windows XP开始生产了多个版本的Windows。这些版本具有相同的核心操作系统，但是某些版本包含高级功能，但需要额外付费。 Windows有两种最常见的版本：

  • Windows首页
  • Windows专业版

Windows首页

Windows Home是Windows的基本版本。它提供Windows的所有基本功能，例如浏览Web，连接到Internet，玩视频游戏，使用Office软件，观看视频。此外，它价格便宜，并且预装了许多新计算机。

Windows专业版

Windows Professional也称为Window Pro或Win Pro。它是Windows的增强版，对高级用户和中小型企业有利。它包含Windows Home的所有功能以及以下功能：

  • 远程桌面： Windows Professional版本允许用户创建远程桌面连接。它为用户提供了远程连接另一台计算机的选项，包括共享对其鼠标，键盘和视图显示的控制。主要通过端口3389进行访问。此外，我们还可以使用TeamViewer或VNC应用程序创建远程桌面连接。
  • Trusted Boot(受信任的引导)：它提供对引导加载程序进行加密的安全性，并保护计算机免受rootkit (允许用户通过未经授权的方式进入rootkit进入另一台计算机的软件工具的集合)。
  • Bitlocker：它允许用户使用AES(高级加密标准)算法对存储驱动器进行加密。 Windows 7和Windows Vista(仅旗舰版和企业版)(包括Windows Server 2008)具有此功能。

商用笔记本电脑或计算机主要使用Bitlocker功能来保护其在计算机上的数据。仿佛您的计算机已被盗，很难破解Bitlocker密码。只能通过输入正确的密码将其解锁。此外，如果您忘记了Bitlocker密码，将无法找回。

  • Windows沙箱：沙箱位于计算机，网络或联机服务上，使用户可以在不中断系统的情况下试验或测试计算机的安全性。
  • Hyper-V：它代表管理程序，由Microsoft Corporation在2008年6月26日开发。它也称为Windows Server虚拟化。 Hyper-V用于x86-64服务器的虚拟化，运行虚拟机和VirtualBox等第三方软件。
  • 组策略管理：管理员可以在组织中指定组策略来管理不同的Windows用户。
  • 它为具有超过128 GB RAM的系统提供支持。
  • 此外，它还提供了更多Windows更新安装选项，以及约34天左右的灵活计划和推迟。

为什么Microsoft Windows称为Windows?

当未引入Microsoft Windows时，所有Microsoft用户都使用了MS-DOS操作系统。微软对其大多数产品一言不发。它需要一个可以代表其新GUI操作系统的新Word。微软决定将其称为Windows，因为它能够同时执行多个任务和运行应用程序。

称其为Windows的另一个原因是您无法注册Windows之类的通用名称。它的正式名称是Microsoft Windows，1995年推出了Windows的第一个版本1.0。

Microsoft Windows的历史

自1983年以来，微软开始生产Windows。微软“比尔·盖茨”的创始人于1983年11月10日宣布推出Microsoft Windows，并于1985年发布了Windows的第一个版本。下表包含Windows从版本1到版本10的历史。

Version History
Windows 1.0 Microsoft introduced Windows with its first version 1.0. It was released on 20 November 1985, and at the beginning, it was sold for $100.00. Additionally, it was the first effort by Microsoft to produce a graphical user interface in 16-bit.
Windows 2.0 The second version, Windows 2.0, was produced by Microsoft on 9 December 1987 as well as it also introduced the Window 386 on the same day. Initially, the price was the same $100.00 for both of the Windows in the market.
It came with new features such as it was able to overlap each other, and it also introduced the new way to maximize and minimize the window, instead of using ‘zooming’ and ‘iconizing’ respectively.
Furthermore, it also included the control panel feature where several system settings and configuration options are available in one place. Even Microsoft Word and Excel were also used for the first time on Windows 2.  
Windows 286 It was released in June 1988, and at the beginning, its price was $100.00. 
Windows 3.0 It was the first Windows that needed a hard drive. It was launched by Microsoft on 22 May 1990. Its full version was sold for $149.95, and the updated version was $79.95. Additionally, the multimedia supported Windows 3 was introduced in October 1991.
Windows version 3.0 gained more success, and it became a challenge for Apple’s Macintosh and the Commodore Amiga GUI as it was provided pre-installed on computers by PC compatible manufacturers as well as Zenith Data Systems.
It was also able to run the MS-DOS program in Windows that allowed multitasking in legacy programs as well as supported 256 colors, which made the interface more colorful and advanced.
Windows 3.1 It was launched in April 1992, when it was in development its code name was Sparta. It was the commonly used operating system for the PC graphical user interface. In the first two months after its release, more than one million copies were sold. It made the Windows usable publishing platform for the first time by introducing the TrueType fonts. Minesweeper was also used for the first time on the Windows 3.1.
It was needed only 1MB of RAM to run, and it allowed users to control the MS-DOS programs with the help of a mouse for the first time. Furthermore, it was also the first operating system to be distributed on a CD-ROM.
Some other generations of version 3.1 are as follows:
  • In 1992, the Windows for Workgroups 3.1 was launched.
  • Microsoft introduced Windows NT 3.1 on 27 July 1993.
  • An updated version of Windows 3.1, Windows 3.11, was introduced on 31 December 1993.
  • In February 1994, the Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was launched.
  • On 21 September 1994, the Windows NT 5 was introduced.
  • The next version Windows NT 3.51, was introduced on 30 May 1995.
Windows 95 As the name specifies, Windows 95 was launched on 24 August 1995, and within four days of its release, more than one million copies were sold. It introduced the Start button and Start menu features for the first time, including important features such as a 32-bit environment, multitasking, and taskbar. Furthermore, MS-DOS still played a vital role in Windows 95, with the help of some programs and elements.
Internet Explorer was also used on the Windows 95 for the first time, but it could not be installed by default, it needed the Windows 95 plus pack for it. Later, Windows 95 improved and included the IE browser by default.
Windows 95 Service Pack It was introduced on 24 February 1996.
Windows NT 4.0 On 29 July 1996, Windows NT 4.0 was launched.
Windows CE
  • The first version 0 of Windows CE was introduced in November 1996.
  • The Second version 0 of Windows CE was launched in November 1997.
  • The next version 1 of Windows CE was released in July 1998.
  • The third version, 3.0 of Windows CE, was introduced in 1999.
Windows 98 It was developed on Windows 95, and introduced in June 1998. It was released, including Internet Explorer 4, Windows Address Book, Outlook Express, Microsoft Chat, and NetShow Player.
The second version of Windows 98 was introduced on 5 May 1999, in this version the NetShow Player was replaced by Windows Media Player 6.2. It was also brought with the address bar and back/forward navigation buttons in Windows Explorer, and more other features.
Windows 98 came with the new feature Windows Driver model for computer components and accessories, which offered support to all future editions of Windows. Furthermore, it was improved USB support including USB mice and USB hubs.
Windows 2000 On 17 February 2000, it was launched.
Windows ME It was invented in September 2000, and it was the last operating system, which was based on MS-DOS and in the Windows 9x line. According to the enterprise market, it was considered consumer-aimed Windows with the Windows 2000. It was also provided some useful features for consumers as well as more automated system recovery tools.
Additionally, an Internet Explorer, Windows Movie Maker, and Windows Media Player 7 were used on Windows ME for the first time.
Windows 2000 It was introduced on 17 February 2000. Basically, it was based on Microsoft business-oriented system Windows NT, and later it provided the base for the Windows XP. Furthermore, the automatic updating feature made their appearance for the first time on Windows 2000, and it was the first operating system to support hibernation.
Windows XP Windows XP was considered the best edition of Windows; it was introduced on 25 October 2001. It followed Windows ME and provided consumer-friendly elements. The 64-bit version of Windows XP was introduced on 28 March 2003. Furthermore, Its Professional x64 version was introduced on 24 April 2005.
The start button and taskbar were replaced by including the green Start button, blue task bar, and vista wallpaper, as well as several shadows and more visual effects.
It also brought some important features, such as ClearType, which helps to read content on LCD screens, autoplay from CDs and other media, different automated update, and recovery tools.
Additionally, It was used for the longest time, and even when it was discontinued, it was used at an estimated 430 m PC.
Windows Vista It was introduced by Microsoft In January 2007. It was brought the better look and feel user interface and included transparent elements, security, and search. When it was in the development phase, its code name was “Longhorn.” Windows Media Player 11 and Internet Explorer 7 were made their appearance for the first time on Windows Vista, included Windows Defender, an anti-spyware program. It was also provided some useful features such as Windows DVD Maker, speech recognition, and Photo Gallery. Furthermore, it was the first operating system to be distributed on DVD.
Windows Server 2008 On 27 February 2008, Microsoft introduced Windows Server 2008.
Windows 7 It was introduced on 22 October 2009 to overcome all problems that were faced by Windows Vista. It was released with user-friendly features and less dialogue box overload. It was more stable, faster, and easy to use as compared to release other previous versions. Additionally, the handwriting recognition feature was used for the first time on Windows 7.
As IE was the default browser in Microsoft Windows, the antitrust investigations used Microsoft in Europe for making it a default browser. Consequently, it had to provide the users the option to choose and install the browser on the first boot.
Windows Server 2012 On 4 September 2012, Microsoft was released Windows Server 2012.
Windows 8 It was introduced by Microsoft on 26 October 2012. It was released with new features, such as a fast operating system, support for the USB 3.0 devices, and Web store. The Web store is a place where you can download different types of Windows applications; its full-screen mode was run for the first time on Windows 8.
Windows 8.1 It was launched by Microsoft on 17 October 2013. It was re-launched the Start button, which was able to display the Start screen from the desktop view of Windows 8.1. Furthermore, it provided a way to select boot directly into the desktop.
Windows 10 On 29 July 2015, Microsoft introduced Windows 10. It was released with some new features such as switching between a keyboard and mouse mode and a tablet mode, which was beneficial for the users who use computers like surface Pro 3 with a detachable keyboard. It was designed for all Windows platforms across several devices, as well as Windows tablets and Phones, including common applications.

Windows功能

Microsoft Windows包括许多可帮助用户的功能。它的一些出色功能如下：

  • 控制面板： Windows提供了控制面板功能，其中包括许多用于配置和管理其计算机上资源的工具。例如，用户可以更改音频，视频，打印机，鼠标，键盘，网络连接，日期和时间，节能选项，用户帐户，已安装的应用程序等设置。视窗
  • Cortana： Windows 10引入了一项名为Cortana的功能，该功能能够接受语音命令。它可以执行各种任务，例如可以回答您的问题，在计算机上搜索数据，在线购买，设置提醒和约会等。此外，它的行为类似于其他语音激活服务，例如Google Assistant，Alexa或Siri，包括在计算机上搜索信息的另一好处。要在Windows 10中打开Cortana，请按Window键+ S。视窗
  • 文件资源管理器：也称为Windows资源管理器，它将在计算机上显示文件和文件夹。它允许用户浏览硬盘驱动器，SSD和其他插入的可移动磁盘(如笔式驱动器和CD)上的数据，并且您可以根据要求管理内容，例如删除，重命名，搜索和传输数据。视窗
  • Internet浏览器：由于Internet浏览器对于搜索任何内容，查看页面，在线购物，玩游戏，观看视频等非常重要。Windows附带了预安装的Internet浏览器。在Windows 10中，Edge Internet浏览器是默认浏览器。此外，Internet Explorer是Microsoft Windows从Windows版本95到8.1版本的默认浏览器。视窗
  • Microsoft Paint：自1985年11月以来，Microsoft Windows附带了预安装的Microsoft Paint。它是创建，查看和编辑图像的简单软件。它提供了多种工具来绘制图像，裁剪，调整大小以及使用其他文件扩展名保存图像。视窗
  • 任务栏： Windows附带一个任务栏，显示当前打开的程序，它还允许用户访问任何特定程序。此外，它还在右侧的通知区域显示日期和时间，电池，网络，音量以及其他后台运行的应用程序。视窗
  • 开始菜单： Microsoft Windows在任务栏的左侧包含一个开始菜单。它显示计算机上安装的程序和实用程序。可以通过单击开始菜单按钮或按键盘上的开始键来简单地打开它。视窗
  • 任务管理器： Windows包含任务管理器功能，该功能提供了计算机上正在运行的应用程序或程序的详细信息。您还可以检查每个应用程序正在使用多少系统资源，例如RAM，CPU，磁盘I / O。视窗
  • 磁盘清理：它用于通过删除临时或不必要的文件来释放磁盘空间。它还有助于提高计算机的性能，并增加用于下载程序和文档的存储空间。要打开磁盘清理，请按照以下步骤操作：
    • 通过按Window + E打开文件资源管理器。
    • 然后，右键单击任何磁盘驱动器，然后从下拉列表中选择“属性”选项。
    • 现在，单击“磁盘清理” 。

    视窗

Linux和Windows OS之间的区别

下表描述了有关Linux和Windows操作系统的主要因素：

Topic Windows Linux
Command Line Windows allows users to use the command line, but not as a Linux command line. To open the command line, click on the Run dialog box and type CMD in the run search bar and press Enter key. Although the Linux command-line offers more features for administration and daily tasks, it does not offer much to end-users.
Reliability Windows has improved its reliability in the past few years, but still it is less reliable as compared to Linux. Linux is more reliable and secure then Windows OS. It mainly focuses on system security, process management, and up-time.
Usability Windows is easier to use as it provides a simple user interface. But its installation process can take more time. Although Linux has the ability to perform complex tasks easier, its installation process is complicated.
Security Microsoft has enhanced the security features in Windows over recent years. As it has a huge user base, mostly for new computer users, it can be easily targeted for malicious coders. Furthermore, among all of the operating systems, Microsoft Windows can be part of developing malware and viruses. Linux is a more secure operating system as compared to Microsoft Windows. Even attackers found difficulty in breaking the security with the help of Linux.
Support It provides users the online and integrated help systems, as well as a large number of informative books, are available to provide help for people at all skill levels. A wide number of books are available to offer help about Linux, including online support.
Updates Regular Windows update makes users frustrated by alerting the Windows update for inconvenient times. Additionally, it takes more time to get an update. Linux provides users full control over updates. They can update it accordingly, and it takes less time to get an update as well as without any reboot the system.
Licensing Microsoft Windows with license does not allow to modify the software (don’t have access to the source code). It can be installed only on the systems with a Windows license key. Linux operating system with a license offers users the benefit to re-use the source code on any number of systems. It is also allowed the users to modify the software and sell its modified version.