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📜  SQLAlchemy核心-使用多个表

📅  最后修改于: 2020-11-27 07:37:38             🧑  作者: Mango

RDBMS的重要功能之一是在表之间建立关系。可以在相关表上执行SELECT，UPDATE和DELETE之类的SQL操作。本节介绍使用SQLAlchemy的这些操作。

为此，在我们的SQLite数据库(college.db)中创建了两个表。学生表的结构与上一节相同。而地址表具有st_id列，该列使用外键约束映射到学生表中的id列。

以下代码将在college.db中创建两个表-

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table, Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///college.db', echo=True)
meta = MetaData()

students = Table(
   'students', meta, 
   Column('id', Integer, primary_key = True), 
   Column('name', String), 
   Column('lastname', String), 
)

addresses = Table(
   'addresses', meta, 
   Column('id', Integer, primary_key = True), 
   Column('st_id', Integer, ForeignKey('students.id')), 
   Column('postal_add', String), 
   Column('email_add', String))

meta.create_all(engine)

上面的代码将转换为针对学生和地址表的CREATE TABLE查询，如下所示-

CREATE TABLE students (
   id INTEGER NOT NULL,
   name VARCHAR,
   lastname VARCHAR,
   PRIMARY KEY (id)
)

CREATE TABLE addresses (
   id INTEGER NOT NULL,
   st_id INTEGER,
   postal_add VARCHAR,
   email_add VARCHAR,
   PRIMARY KEY (id),
   FOREIGN KEY(st_id) REFERENCES students (id)
)

以下屏幕截图非常清楚地展示了上面的代码-

创建表查询

地址表查询

通过执行表对象的insert()方法，用数据填充这些表。要在学生表中插入5行，您可以使用下面给出的代码-

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table, Column, Integer, String
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///college.db', echo = True)
meta = MetaData()

conn = engine.connect()
students = Table(
   'students', meta, 
   Column('id', Integer, primary_key = True), 
   Column('name', String), 
   Column('lastname', String), 
)

conn.execute(students.insert(), [
   {'name':'Ravi', 'lastname':'Kapoor'},
   {'name':'Rajiv', 'lastname' : 'Khanna'},
   {'name':'Komal','lastname' : 'Bhandari'},
   {'name':'Abdul','lastname' : 'Sattar'},
   {'name':'Priya','lastname' : 'Rajhans'},
])

在以下代码的帮助下，将行添加到地址表中-

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table, Column, Integer, String
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///college.db', echo = True)
meta = MetaData()
conn = engine.connect()

addresses = Table(
   'addresses', meta, 
   Column('id', Integer, primary_key = True), 
   Column('st_id', Integer), 
   Column('postal_add', String), 
   Column('email_add', String)
)

conn.execute(addresses.insert(), [
   {'st_id':1, 'postal_add':'Shivajinagar Pune', 'email_add':'ravi@gmail.com'},
   {'st_id':1, 'postal_add':'ChurchGate Mumbai', 'email_add':'kapoor@gmail.com'},
   {'st_id':3, 'postal_add':'Jubilee Hills Hyderabad', 'email_add':'komal@gmail.com'},
   {'st_id':5, 'postal_add':'MG Road Bangaluru', 'email_add':'as@yahoo.com'},
   {'st_id':2, 'postal_add':'Cannought Place new Delhi', 'email_add':'admin@khanna.com'},
])

请注意，地址表中的st_id列引用学生表中的id列。现在，我们可以使用此关系从两个表中获取数据。我们想从与地址表中的st_id对应的students表中获取名称和姓氏。

from sqlalchemy.sql import select
s = select([students, addresses]).where(students.c.id == addresses.c.st_id)
result = conn.execute(s)

for row in result:
   print (row)

选择对象将有效地转换为以下SQL表达式，该表达式将两个基于公共关系的表连接在一起-

SELECT students.id, 
   students.name, 
   students.lastname, 
   addresses.id, 
   addresses.st_id, 
   addresses.postal_add, 
   addresses.email_add
FROM students, addresses
WHERE students.id = addresses.st_id

这将产生从两个表中提取相应数据的输出，如下所示：

(1, 'Ravi', 'Kapoor', 1, 1, 'Shivajinagar Pune', 'ravi@gmail.com')
(1, 'Ravi', 'Kapoor', 2, 1, 'ChurchGate Mumbai', 'kapoor@gmail.com')
(3, 'Komal', 'Bhandari', 3, 3, 'Jubilee Hills Hyderabad', 'komal@gmail.com')
(5, 'Priya', 'Rajhans', 4, 5, 'MG Road Bangaluru', 'as@yahoo.com')
(2, 'Rajiv', 'Khanna', 5, 2, 'Cannought Place new Delhi', 'admin@khanna.com')