PostgreSQL语法

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📜 PostgreSQL语法

📅 最后修改于: 2020-11-30 01:01:44 🧑 作者: Mango

我们可以使用help命令查看所有postgreSQL命令的语法。请按照以下步骤查看postgreSQL中所有命令的语法。

安装postgreSQL后，以以下方式打开psql：程序文件> PostgreSQL 9.2> SQL Shell(psql)
使用以下命令查看特定命令的语法。 postgres-＃\ help＆<命令名>

所有PostgreSQL命令

在这里，我们提供了所有postgreSQL命令及其语法的列表：

ABORT命令：

句法：

ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ALTER AGGREGATE命令：

句法：

ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type ) OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER CONVERSION命令：

句法：

ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DATABASE命令：

句法：

ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DOMAIN命令：

句法：

ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER FUNCTION命令：

句法：

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER GROUP命令：

句法：

ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name

ALTER INDEX命令：

句法：

ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name
ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER LANGUAGE命令：

句法：

ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER OPERATOR命令：

句法：

ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE } , { righttype | NONE } )
OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS命令：

句法：

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SCHEMA命令：

句法：

ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SEQUENCE命令：

句法：

ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

ALTER TABLE命令：

句法：

ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
action [, ... ]
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column
ALTER TABLE name
RENAME TO new_name

ALTER TABLESPACE命令：

句法：

ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER TRIGGER命令：

句法：

ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name

ALTER TYPE命令：

句法：

ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER USER命令：

句法：

ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER USER name RESET parameter

ANALYZE命令：

句法：

ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]

BEGIN命令：

句法：

BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]

CHECKPOINT命令：

句法：

CHECKPOINT

CLOSE命令：

句法：

CLOSE name

CLUSTER命令：

句法：

CLUSTER index_name ON table_name
CLUSTER table_name
CLUSTER

COMMIT命令：

句法：

COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

COPY命令：

句法：

COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
FROM { 'filename' | STDIN }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ]
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
TO { 'filename' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ]

CREATE AGGREGATE命令：

句法：

CREATE AGGREGATE name (
BASETYPE = input_data_type,
SFUNC = sfunc,
STYPE = state_data_type
[ , FINALFUNC = ffunc ]
[ , INITCOND = initial_condition ]
)

CREATE CAST命令：

句法：

CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types)
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITHOUT FUNCTION
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER命令：

句法：

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name
AFTER events ON
table_name constraint attributes
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args )

CREATE CONVERSION命令：

句法：

CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name
FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name

CREATE DATABASE命令：

句法：

CREATE DATABASE name
[ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ]
[ TEMPLATE [=] template ]
[ ENCODING [=] encoding ]
[ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] ]

CREATE DOMAIN命令：

句法：

CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type
[ DEFAULT expression ]
[ constraint [ ... ] ]

CREATE FUNCTION命令：

句法：

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] )
RETURNS ret_type
{ LANGUAGE lang_name
| IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
| CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
| [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER
| AS 'definition'
| AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol'
} ...
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]

CREATE GROUP命令：

句法：

CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
Where option can be:
SYSID gid
| USER username [, ...]

CREATE INDEX命令：

句法：

CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ]
( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] )
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[ WHERE predicate ]

CREATE LANGUAGE命令：

句法：

CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name
HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]

CREATE OPERATOR命令：

句法：

 CREATE OPERATOR name (
PROCEDURE = func_name
[, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ]
[, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]
[, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]
[, HASHES ] [, MERGES ]
[, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ]
[, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ]
)

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS命令：

句法：

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type
USING index_method AS
{ OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ]
| FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] )
| STORAGE storage_type
} [, ... ]

CREATE RULE命令：

句法：

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event
TO table [ WHERE condition ]
DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }

CREATE SCHEMA命令：

句法：

CREATE SCHEMA schema_name
[ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ]
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username
[ schema_element [ ... ] ]

CREATE SEQUENCE命令：

句法：

CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name
[ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

创建表：

句法：

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name (
{ column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
| table_constraint
| LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] } [, ... ]
)
[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]
[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]

CREATE TABLE AS命令：

句法：

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name
[ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ]
AS query

CREATE TABLESPACE命令：

句法：

CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory'

CRFEATE TRIGGER命令：

句法：

CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] }
ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments )

CREATE TYPE命令：

句法：

CREATE TYPE name AS
( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )
CREATE TYPE name (
INPUT = input_function,
OUTPUT = output_function
[ , RECEIVE = receive_function ]
[ , SEND = send_function ]
[ , ANALYZE = analyze_function ]
[ , INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]
[ , PASSEDBYVALUE ]
[ , ALIGNMENT = alignment ]
[ , STORAGE = storage ]
[ , DEFAULT = default ]
[ , ELEMENT = element ]
[ , DELIMITER = delimiter ]
)

CREATE USER命令：

句法：

CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]

CREATE VIEW命令：

句法：

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query

DEALLOCATE命令：

句法：

DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name

DECLARE命令：

句法：

DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]
CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query
[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ]

DELETE命令：

句法：

DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]

DROP AGGREGATE命令：

句法：

DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CAST命令：

句法：

DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CONVERSION命令：

句法：

DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP DATABASE命令：

句法：

DROP DATABASE name

DROP DOMAIN命令：

句法：

DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP FUNCTION命令：

句法：

DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP GROUP命令：

句法：

DROP GROUP name

DROP INDEX命令：

句法：

DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP LANGUAGE命令：

句法：

DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR命令：

句法：

DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE } , { right_type | NONE } )
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR CLASS命令：

句法：

DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP RULE命令：

句法：

DROP RULE name ON relation [CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SCHEMA命令：

句法：

DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SEQUENCE命令：

句法：

DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLE命令：

句法：

DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLESPACE命令：

句法：

DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name

DROP TRIGGER命令：

句法：

DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TYPE命令：

句法：

DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP USER命令：

句法：

DROP USER name

DROP VIEW命令：

句法：

DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

END命令：

句法：

END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

EXECUTE命令：

句法：

EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]

EXPLAIN命令：

句法：

EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement

FETCH命令：

句法：

FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

INSERT命令：

句法：

INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query }

LISTEN命令：

句法：

LISTEN name

LOAD命令：

句法：

LOAD 'filename'

LOCK命令

句法：

LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]

MOVE命令：

句法：

MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

NOTIFY命令：

句法：

NOTIFY name

PREPARE命令：

句法：

PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement

REINDEX命令：

句法：

REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]

RESET命令：

句法：

RESET name
RESET ALL

ROLLBACK命令：

句法：

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT命令：

句法：

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

SAVEPOINT命令：

句法：

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name

SELECT命令：

句法：

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

SELECT INTO命令：

句法：

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

SET命令：

句法：

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT }
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }

SET CONSTRAINTS命令：

句法：

SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }

SET TRANSACTION命令：

句法：

SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]

SHOW命令：

句法：

SHOW name
SHOW ALL

开始交易：

句法：

START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]

TRUNCATE TABLE命令：

句法：

TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name

UPDATE命令：

句法：

UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...]
[ FROM from_list ]
[ WHERE condition ]