水力发电
一种能源可以在很长一段时间内始终如一地提供足够的可用能源。
一个好的能源应该是:
- 运输方便:例如,煤炭、汽油、柴油和液化石油气必须从生产点运输到消费点。
- 使用方便安全:以核能为例,只有高素质的工程师借助核电站才能使用,既安全又方便。
- 易于储存:例如,需要大型储罐来储存汽油、燃料和液化石油气。
能量来源分为两组:
- 传统能源:这些能源被广泛使用,并提供了我们能源需求的很大一部分。
- 非常规能源:这些能源不像传统能源那样广泛使用,只能满足我们的一部分能源需求。
水电
The term “hydroelectricity” refers to the use of water to generate electricity.
它是一种非常规能源。落水的重力是该地区水电的主要来源。能源生产过程中不使用水。它是最常用的可再生能源,占全球能源消耗总量的 3%。水力发电的生产成本低廉,使其作为能源具有竞争优势。大型水电站的平均电费相对较低。
水力发电厂具有灵活的优势,因为它们的能量输出基于释放的水量。因为这是可以调节的,所以水力发电厂具有灵活的优势。可以调整输出以满足情况的需要。
水电
动能存在于流动的水中。水轮转动,水磨由流水的能量驱动,将小麦碾成面粉。技术进步改变了流水能源的传统使用方式,现在用于发电。落水的能量通过水轮机在水力发电设施中捕获,然后用于驱动发电机。
水力发电厂
The term “hydro-power plant” refers to a power plant that generates electricity by rotating a turbine (which powers the generator) using flowing water (or hydroelectric power plant).
水电站工作
Hydroelectricity is the electricity generated by utilizing the energy of falling (or flowing) water. The hydroelectric plant, in turn, necessitates the construction of a dam.
这座大坝建在水源上,最好是河流。因为大坝是阻止河流流动的巨大墙壁,所以大量的水聚集在它后面。水通过大坝底部的入口进入大坝。这个进水口导致大坝压力管道下降。
涡轮机用于从这里的落水中提取能量。涡轮机也用于火力发电厂,尽管蒸汽涡轮机和水力涡轮机之间存在一些显着区别。一根轴将涡轮机连接到发电机。当水转动涡轮机时会产生电能。
抽水蓄能是水电设施的一个特点,它允许在电力需求最高的时候储存水作为储备。这是电池充电的水电当量。当电力需求较低时,例如在午夜,大坝利用泵将水推回其后面的水库。然后在电力需求高的时期利用这些水。
A hydroelectric dam can adapt swiftly to variations in energy demand as long as there is enough water in the reservoir. The quantity of water flowing through the penstock, which affects the amount of power generated by the dam, is directly controlled by opening and closing the intakes.
大坝的电力大楼也包含一个变压器,里面装有涡轮机和发电机。变压器将发电机的电能转换成高压。国家电网使用高压通过电力线有效地将电力输送到需要电力的房屋和企业。其他变压器将电压降低到可以使用的水平。
使用水力发电厂的优势
- 水力发电厂产生的电力不会污染环境。
- 它是一种相当可靠的能源。除非需要不同的输出,否则设施产生的电力变化相对较小。
- 它是一种可再生的电力来源,因为大坝中的水会因雨水而自行填满。
- 例如,水电比化石燃料和核能安全得多。不需要汽油。
- 水坝用于控制洪水和提供灌溉。
使用水力发电厂的缺点
- 一般来说,发电厂的建造成本很高。水力发电站也不例外。
- 水坝只能在有限的地点建造,例如山区。
- 浸没在水下的植物在厌氧环境下腐烂,导致大量甲烷产生。甲烷是导致全球变暖的温室气体。
- 可用水量对发电和能源定价有直接影响。干旱可能会对此产生影响。
- 居住在水坝附近的人们面临着充分搬迁的挑战。
- 大片农田和人类用地被洪水淹没。
- 由于大坝的建设,大坝下游地区的鱼类得不到足够的养分,产量下降。
示例问题
问题1:水电站有哪些类型?
回答:
There are mainly three types of hydropower plant:
1. Cascaded/Succession power plant: It generates electricity through a series of canals.
2. Pumped Storage: This method of pumped storage uses the flow of water from a reservoir in the higher reservoir to a reservoir in the lower reservoir.
3. Tidal Power Plants: Tidal power plants use tides to generate electricity.
问题2:水力发电厂发生了什么类型的能量转换?
回答:
There are three different transformations available.
- To begin, potential energy (due to the height of the water in the reservoir) is converted to kinetic energy (the energy derived from a large height falling of water).
- In the turbine, the kinetic energy of the water is transformed into mechanical energy.
- The turbine is connected to the generator. This energy is converted into electrical energy by a generator.
问题 3:解释水力发电厂发电的工作原理。
回答:
To generate hydroelectricity, high-rise dams are built on rivers to impede the flow of water and collect it in extremely huge reservoirs. The water from the dam’s high level flows through pipes to the turbine at the dam’s bottom. The generator is linked to the turbines.
The generator generates energy by rotating the turbines. When water is held at a high elevation in a dam, it has a lot of potential energy, which is transformed into kinetic energy of flowing water, which is then converted into mechanical energy of the turbine, which is then converted into electric energy by the generator.
问题4:用一句话证明水电是一种可再生能源。
回答:
Water is used in hydropower plants, and water may be replenished by nature with little effort. As a result, hydropower is a renewable energy source.
问题5:水电站的主要缺点是什么?
回答:
Major disadvantages of hydropower plants are:
- Highly expensive
- Large areas of human habitation and agricultural fields are submerged.
- Dams can be made in limited areas.
- People residing in the vicinity of the dams have a challenge of adequate relocation.