什么是光色散?
彩虹不美吗?你有没有想过彩虹是怎么来的?它是一种被称为光色散的基本物理现象。那么,究竟什么是光色散?当白光通过棱镜时,它被分成七种成分颜色。棱镜是一种透明的光学装置,具有可折射光线的平坦抛光表面。光的折射是指光通过不同介质时传播方向的变化。
什么是光的折射?
When a light goes from one medium to another, the speed at which it propagates changes, and it bends or refracts as a result. Light is now refracted towards the triangle’s base when it passes through a prism, this results in the refraction of light.
光谱中不同颜色的波长是不同的。结果,它们弯曲的速率取决于波长,紫色弯曲由于其最短的波长而最大,红色由于其最长的波长而弯曲最小。当白光通过棱镜折射时,它会因此分散到其光谱中。
换句话说,当白光通过棱镜时,它被分成七种成分颜色。棱镜是一种透明的光学装置,具有可折射光线的平坦抛光表面。光的折射是指光通过不同介质时传播方向的变化。
分散
当光通过棱镜时,它被分成不同的颜色成分。这被称为光色散。棱镜是一种透明玻璃,具有两个成一定角度的平面。白光束被棱镜分成七种色调:紫罗兰色、靛蓝、绿色、黄橙色和红色。进入玻璃棱镜的光所散射的色带称为光谱。
When white light passes through a glass prism, it separates into its spectrum of seven colors (in order violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red), a process known as Dispersion.
分散的原因
- 因为每种颜色的光都有不同的波长,所以白光会分散成七种颜色。在这七种颜色的范围内,红光的波长最长,而紫光的波长最短。
- 在真空中,所有颜色的光都以相同的速度传播。然而,在任何透明材料中,例如玻璃或水,各种颜色的光以不同的速率移动。
- 由于速度不同,各种颜色的光会弯曲不同的角度。红光通过任何透明介质的传播速度最快,而紫光传播最慢。
- 结果,红光弯曲最小,而紫光弯曲最大。
- 因此,当各种有色光子在通过玻璃棱镜时以不同角度弯曲时,白光会分散成七种颜色。
棱镜的白光色散
当白光通过玻璃棱镜时,它会分裂成七种组成颜色,这就是所谓的白光色散。紫罗兰色、靛蓝、蓝色、绿色、黄色、橙色和红色是可见的颜色。颜色序列被记住为 VIBGYOR。光谱是七种颜色的组合。关于入射角,光的每个分量颜色以不同的角度弯曲。紫光弯曲最小,而红光弯曲最大。
- 白光由七种不同的颜色组成,包括紫罗兰色、靛蓝、蓝色、绿色、黄色、橙色和红色。
- 单色光被定义为只有一种颜色或波长的光,例如钠光。
- 多色光被定义为具有两种以上颜色或波长的光,例如白光。
棱镜实验
牛顿是第一个尝试光流过棱镜的人。他让阳光穿过棱镜,期望在屏幕的另一边看到白光,却看到了分散后的光谱。他对这件事的相关性有一点直觉,但他选择做其他事情来证明这一点。
通过调整进气口的大小,他只能使一种颜色(因此只有一种波长的光)流过棱镜。显然,光线被折射了,并没有进一步分散。
结果,他认识到光谱的各种颜色会发生不同的弯曲,因为它们具有不同的波长。他发现紫色弯曲最多,红色弯曲最少,因为它们的波长分别较短和较长。
可见光光谱
事实上,光也在玻璃板中分散到其色谱中。如果我们以特定的方式看待它,我们会注意到这一点。在我们开始之前,您应该熟悉折射率。它们不一致。它们根据光的频率以及波长而有所不同。白光在穿过玻璃板或玻璃棱镜时被折射两次。它从空气到玻璃,然后又回到空气中。它在第一次发生折射时减慢并在第二次发生时加速?
那么,一块玻璃中会发生什么?因为两个表面都是平行的,所以所有光线都会以相同的速度减速和加速。结果,在旁观者看来,白光进出石板。然而,在棱镜中,情况就不同了。因为表面彼此不平行,所以从棱镜发出的光线最终会沿着彼此不同的路径传播,从而产生散射效应。
彩虹
彩虹是白光色散的一个例子。雨后不久,大量微小的水滴仍然悬在空中。每一滴都起到一个小棱镜的作用。当阳光照射到这些液滴上时,白光会分成七种不同的颜色。由大量液滴的散射光形成七种颜色的连续带。彩虹是这个彩色乐队的名字。
由于淋浴后悬挂在空气中的微小水滴分散白光,形成了彩虹。
当太阳在观察者身后时,彩虹就出现了。
大气折射
Atmospheric Refraction is the refraction of light induced by the Earth’s atmosphere (which consists of air layers with differing optical densities).
- 恒星的位置:大气中许多层的温度和密度都在不断变化。因此,我们有各种各样的媒体。一颗遥远的恒星充当光源。当星光进入地球大气层时,它会经历恒定的折射,因为折射率会从稀少变为密集。它向正常的方向倾斜。结果,恒星的表观位置与其真实位置不同。
- 星光闪烁:大气折射是部分原因。来自遥远恒星的光集中在一个点上。由于地球大气的物理条件不是静止的,当星光偏离其路线时,恒星的表观位置会发生变化。因此,进入我们眼睛的光量会有所不同,时而明亮,时而微弱。这被称为星星闪烁效应。
示例问题
问题1:什么是光色散?
解决方案:
When white light passes through a glass prism, it separates into its spectrum of colors (in order violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red), a process known as dispersion.
问题2:为什么行星不闪烁?
解决方案:
Planets are closer to Earth and are perceived as an extended source of light or a collection of many little point sources of light. As a result, the glittering effect will be nullified by the overall amount of light entering our eyes from all individual point sources.
问题 3:如果地球上没有大气层,为什么一天的持续时间会缩短大约 4 分钟?
解决方案:
In the morning, when the sun is below the horizon, the sun rises. Because of refraction, the beams of light from the sun below the horizon reach our eyes. Similarly, a few minutes after the sun has set, the sun can be seen. As a result, the length of the day will be extended by 4 minutes. This is due to refraction in the atmosphere. As a result, the sun rises about two minutes earlier than usual and sets about two minutes later than usual. Atmospheric refraction is responsible for the apparent flattery of the Sun’s disc at sunset and daybreak.
问题 4:在棱镜中,光分裂成它的光谱,但在玻璃板中,它不会。为什么?
解决方案:
Light, in fact, disperse into its range of colors on a glass slab. If we look at it in a certain manner, we can see it. White light is refracted not once, but twice when it passes through a glass slab or a glass prism. It slows down in the first occurrence of refraction and accelerates up in the second. When the glass is broken, both surfaces are parallel, all light rays slow down and speed up at the same pace.
As a result, it appears to an onlooker that white light has entered and exited the slab. In a prism, however, the situation is different. Because the surfaces aren’t parallel, the light beams that emerge from the prism eventually take a path that isn’t parallel to each other, resulting in a dispersed effect.
问题 5:光色散与其色谱的相关性是什么?
解决方案:
Newton discovered that when dispersed light passes through an inverted prism, it recombines to produce white light after passing through the prism. He was the first to use a glass prism to capture the spectrum of sunlight. He tried using a different prism to split the spectrum of white light even more, but he couldn’t generate any more colors.
He repeated the experiment, this time with the second prism reversed in relation to the first prism. It allowed all the spectrum’s colors to pass through the second prism. On the other side of the second prism, he discovered white light. He came to the conclusion that the Sun is made up of seven different colors that may be seen.
问题 6:什么是棱镜?
解决方案:
A prism is a triangular object made of glass having two triangular bases and three rectangular sides that are inclined at an angle.
问题7:大气中的彩虹是如何产生的?
解决方案:
Small prisms are formed by the water droplets. They refract and disperse incident sunlight, then internally reflect it, and ultimately refract it as it exits the raindrop. Because of light dispersion and interference, different colors reach the observer’s eye due to light dispersion and internal reflection. The color red appears at the top of the rainbow and violet appears at the bottom. A rainbow always forms in the opposite direction of the Sun.