📅  最后修改于: 2023-12-03 15:21:55.718000             🧑  作者: Mango
这个问题可以使用堆和线段树结合的方法来解决。我们可以使用堆来维护区间[L, R]中出现次数最多的K个字符,然后使用线段树来维护这些字符的出现次数。
定义一个结构体Node来表示线段树的节点:
struct Node {
int l, r;
vector<pair<char, int>> freq;
// freq用来维护[L, R]中出现次数最多的K个字符
Node *left, *right;
// left和right分别表示左子树和右子树
};
定义一个函数cmp,用于堆的比较:
bool cmp(const pair<char, int>& a, const pair<char, int>& b) {
return a.second < b.second;
}
然后定义一个函数merge,用于合并两个freq数组:
void merge(vector<pair<char, int>>& a, const vector<pair<char, int>>& b, int k) {
for (auto x : b) {
if (a.size() < k) {
a.push_back(x);
push_heap(a.begin(), a.end(), cmp);
} else if (cmp(x, a.front())) {
pop_heap(a.begin(), a.end(), cmp);
a.back() = x;
push_heap(a.begin(), a.end(), cmp);
}
}
}
该函数将b中的元素合并到a中,保持a中的元素为出现次数最多的K个字符。
然后定义一个函数build,用于构建线段树:
Node* build(int l, int r, const string& s, int k) {
if (l > r) return nullptr;
Node* node = new Node{l, r, vector<pair<char, int>>{}, nullptr, nullptr};
if (l == r) {
node->freq.push_back(make_pair(s[l], 1));
make_heap(node->freq.begin(), node->freq.end(), cmp);
} else {
int mid = l + (r - l) / 2;
node->left = build(l, mid, s, k);
node->right = build(mid+1, r, s, k);
node->freq = node->left->freq;
merge(node->freq, node->right->freq, k);
}
return node;
}
该函数递归地构建线段树,对于叶子节点,它的freq数组中只包含一个字符;对于非叶子节点,它的freq数组是它左右子树的freq数组合并后的结果。
最后,我们定义一个函数query,用于查询区间[L, R]中第K大的字符:
char query(int k, Node* node) {
if (node->l == node->r) return node->freq.front().first;
int sum = 0;
for (auto x : node->left->freq) sum += x.second;
if (k <= sum) {
return query(k, node->left);
} else {
return query(k - sum, node->right);
}
}
该函数递归地查询第K大的字符。首先统计左子树中出现次数最多的K个字符的出现次数之和,然后如果K在左子树中,就递归左子树,否则递归右子树。
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <queue>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
bool cmp(const pair<char, int>& a, const pair<char, int>& b) {
return a.second < b.second;
}
void merge(vector<pair<char, int>>& a, const vector<pair<char, int>>& b, int k) {
for (auto x : b) {
if (a.size() < k) {
a.push_back(x);
push_heap(a.begin(), a.end(), cmp);
} else if (cmp(x, a.front())) {
pop_heap(a.begin(), a.end(), cmp);
a.back() = x;
push_heap(a.begin(), a.end(), cmp);
}
}
}
struct Node {
int l, r;
vector<pair<char, int>> freq;
Node *left, *right;
};
Node* build(int l, int r, const string& s, int k) {
if (l > r) return nullptr;
Node* node = new Node{l, r, vector<pair<char, int>>{}, nullptr, nullptr};
if (l == r) {
node->freq.push_back(make_pair(s[l], 1));
make_heap(node->freq.begin(), node->freq.end(), cmp);
} else {
int mid = l + (r - l) / 2;
node->left = build(l, mid, s, k);
node->right = build(mid+1, r, s, k);
node->freq = node->left->freq;
merge(node->freq, node->right->freq, k);
}
return node;
}
char query(int k, Node* node) {
if (node->l == node->r) return node->freq.front().first;
int sum = 0;
for (auto x : node->left->freq) sum += x.second;
if (k <= sum) {
return query(k, node->left);
} else {
return query(k - sum, node->right);
}
}
int main() {
string s = "abcdefgabcdefg";
int n = s.size();
int k = 3;
Node* root = build(0, n-1, s, k);
cout << "第" << k << "大的字符是:" << query(k, root) << endl;
// 更新s[0]为'h'
s[0] = 'h';
// 局部更新树
Node* node = root;
while (node->l < node->r) {
int mid = node->l + (node->r - node->l) / 2;
if (0 <= mid) {
node = node->left;
} else {
node = node->right;
}
}
node->freq.front().second = 1;
make_heap(node->freq.begin(), node->freq.end(), cmp);
while (node != root) {
node = node->left->freq.front().second == node->freq.front().second ? node->left : node->right;
node->freq = node->left->freq;
merge(node->freq, node->right->freq, k);
}
cout << "第" << k << "大的字符是:" << query(k, root) << endl;
return 0;
}