印度的选举制度
选举是一种制度,在这种制度中,选民定期选举他们的代表,并且可以随时更换他们。选举是一种使用选票选举代表担任各种政府职位的方式。民主的核心是选举。必须举行选举以选出代表。大多数民主国家的人民通过他们的代表进行统治。选举有助于确定公众是否认可他们的领导人。选民在选举中有多种选择,包括
- 他们在影响他们的立法中有发言权。
- 他们有能力选择谁组成政府并做出重大决定。
- 他们可以选择哪个政党的政策将对政府和立法进程产生影响。
印度的选举制度是什么?
印度每五年举行一次人民院和人民院(议会)选举。 The terms of all elected legislators are set to expire in five years.在同一天或几天内,所有选区同时举行选举。这被称为大选。有时会召集单一选区选举来填补因成员死亡或辞职而导致的空缺。 “补选”是此类选举的术语。
以下是选举类型:
- Parliamentary general elections (Lok Sabha)-Members of the Lok Sabha (House of the People), or lower house of India’s Parliament, are elected by all adult citizens of India from a list of candidates running for their particular seats. Every adult Indian citizen is only permitted to vote in the constituency in which they reside. “Members of Parliament,” refers to the candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections and hold their seats for five years or until the President, on the advice of the council of ministers, dissolves the body. The house meets in the Sansad Bhavan’s Lok Sabha Chambers in New Delhi to discuss issues such as the introduction of new laws, the repeal of current laws, and the improvement of existing laws that affect all Indian citizens. Once every five years, 543 members of the Lok Sabha are elected (Lower house).
- State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Elections-Members of the State Legislative Assembly are elected from a field of candidates running in their districts by popular vote. Every adult Indian citizen is only permitted to vote in the constituency in which they reside. Candidates who win seats in the State Legislative Assemblies are referred to as “Members of Legislative Assembly” (MLA) and serve for five years or until the Governor dissolves the body. The house meets in each state to discuss issues such as the development of new laws, the repeal or improvement of existing laws that impact all citizens in that state.
- Rajya Sabha (Upper House) Elections –The Rajya Sabha, commonly known as the Council of States, is India’s Parliament’s upper house. Candidates are chosen by Members of Legislative Assemblies rather than citizens, and up to 12 can be nominated by the President of India for contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members of the Rajya Sabha have a six-year term, with one-third of the body being up for re-election every two years. Before a bill becomes an act, the Rajya Sabha serves as a second-level review body. The Vice President of India serves as the Rajya Sabha’s ex-officio Chairman, presiding over its proceedings. Legislative proposals (creating new laws, repealing or adding additional conditions to existing laws) are presented in the form of a bill to either house of Parliament.
竞选
The term “election campaign” refers to the promotion (or “propaganda”) of the candidates' policies, offers, and promises to voters, which they intend to keep if they are elected.然后选民可以选择他们想投票给谁。他们为他们支持其政策的候选人投票。从宣布最终候选人名单到印度投票日期,竞选活动持续两周。候选人联系他们的选民、政治领导人,在选举会议上发言,政党在此期间动员他们的追随者。这也是一年中与选举相关的故事和辩论主导电视新闻和出版物的时候。
政党在选举前几个月就开始竞选。政党努力在竞选期间将公众注意力集中在一些重大问题上。他们希望引起公众对这个问题的关注,以便他们可以对此进行投票。
印度的民主选举
许多变数促成了印度选举的民主性质。这些都是:
独立选举委员会
我国的选举由一个独立而强大的选举委员会(EC)监督。它拥有与司法机构同等程度的自治权。印度总统任命的首席选举专员(CEC)一经任命,即不对总统或政府负责。
选举委员会具有以下权力:
- 它对选举行为和控制的各个方面做出决定,从宣布选举到宣布结果。
- 它负责执行行为准则并惩罚任何违反该准则的候选人或政党。
- 选举委员会有权命令政府在整个选举期间遵守某些标准。
- These standards prohibit the use and abuse of government power in order to improve the administration's chances of winning elections or transferring some government employees.
- 选举委员会,而不是政府,负责执行选举职责的政府官员。
- 如果选举官员认为在某些投票站或整个选区进行投票是不公平的,他们会要求重新投票。
大众参与
评估选举过程质量的另一个选择是使用这种方法。如果选举过程不自由和公平,人们将不会继续参与。投票率是衡量人们选举参与度的常用方法。实际投票的合格选民的百分比称为投票率。在印度,选民投票率在过去 50 年中保持不变或增加。在印度,穷人、文盲和受压迫者的投票人数超过了富人和特权阶层。
示例问题
问题 1:我们已经了解了为什么民主国家需要选举。另一方面,为什么非民主国家的统治者觉得有必要组织选举?
回答:
Elections are necessary for rulers in non-democratic countries because:
- They want to demonstrate to the rest of the world that they aren’t disliked.
- They aim to demonstrate that they have the backing of the country’s citizens, which will boost their image in the eyes of the international community.
- They aim to demonstrate that their government and position were established legally and in accordance with the Constitution.
问题 2:什么是模范竞选活动行为守则?
回答:
The model code of conduct is a collection of rules and principles that political and campaign candidates must observe during election season.
- No political party or candidate can use a place of worship for election propaganda, according to this.
- For elections, utilize government vehicles, planes, and personnel.
- After the election date is established, lay the foundation stones for any project.
问题 3:提及选举、报纸和电视中记录的任何三个关于不公平选举策略的说法?
回答:
The following three charges of electoral fraud are frequently reported in newspapers and on television.
- False names are included in the voter list, but authentic names are not.
- The ruling party is abusing government infrastructure and officials.
- Excessive spending by wealthy candidates and political parties.
问题 4:描述印度选举结果的重要性。
回答:
India’s election results are as follows:
- In India, the ruling parties often lose both national and state elections.In reality, in the last fifteen years, the ruling party has lost all three elections.
- Candidates who are known to have spent a significant amount of money on ‘buying votes,’ as well as those with criminal ties, frequently lose elections.
- Electoral outcomes are largely acknowledged as the “people’s decision” by defeated parties, with the exception of a few disputed elections. Given the foregoing, it is reasonable to conclude that the election’s and final measure of its independence and impartiality is the outcome.