饱和和不饱和溶液
饱和溶液是含有最大量的能够溶解的溶质的溶液,而不饱和溶液含有小于最大量的能够溶解的溶质。因为碳酸水被碳饱和,它通过气泡释放碳。水中的沙子是不饱和的一个例子。
饱和溶液
A saturated solution is a chemical solution that contains the greatest quantity of solute contained in the solvent. The solute cannot be dissolved anymore in a saturated solution.
任何液体的饱和点取决于材料的类型和温度。饱和溶液是其中溶解的溶质的量等于溶剂的饱和点的溶液。溶剂可以溶解某些特定类型的溶质。
在特定温度下能溶解在溶剂中的最大量的溶质称为饱和溶液。溶液达到饱和后不能再溶解任何溶质。未溶解的物质留在底部。溶质停止溶解在溶剂中的点称为饱和点。
以下是饱和解决方案的示例:
- 土壤是由氮组成的饱和混合物。在达到饱和点时,过量的氮以气体的形式排放到空气中。
- 饮料,如冷饮是溶解碳在水中的饱和溶液。
- 蛋白质饮料是蛋白质粉在牛奶等中的饱和溶液。
不饱和溶液
必须将溶质添加到溶剂中才能形成溶液。首先,溶质溶解在溶剂中并形成均匀溶液。溶质溶解的溶液称为不饱和溶液。溶液由两种类型的颗粒组成:溶质和溶剂。水通常用作溶剂(这也是水也被称为万能溶剂的原因之一)。
Unsaturated solutions have the ability to dissolve additional solute until they achieve saturation. Solutes will no longer dissolve in the solvent after reaching the saturation threshold, resulting in unsaturated solutions.
因此,所有溶液在通过添加溶质转化为饱和溶液之前,都被认为本质上是不饱和的。在溶液达到饱和水平之前,含有少于最大值的溶质量称为不饱和溶液。底部没有残留物质,即所有溶质都溶解在溶剂中。不饱和溶液基本上是一种化学溶液,其溶质浓度小于其相应的平衡溶解度。
以下是不饱和解决方案的示例:
- 盐或糖溶解在饱和点以下的水中。
- 空气或雾。
- 冰咖啡。
- 醋是醋酸的水溶液。
饱和和不饱和溶液的相互转换
加热时饱和溶液变为不饱和,而冷却时不饱和溶液变为饱和。加热饱和溶液时,特定溶质在给定溶剂中的溶解度增加。结果,更多的溶质可以溶解到溶剂中。然而,在冷却溶液的情况下,最初溶解在溶剂中的溶质颗粒作为晶体析出。
溶解度
The amount of the solute present in the saturated solution at the given temperature can be termed as the solubility of the solute in the solvent.
100 克溶剂中可溶解的最大溶质量。不同的溶质具有不同的溶解度。溶解度随温度升高而增加。在饱和溶液的情况下,溶质浓度等于平衡溶解度。物质的溶解度取决于溶剂。据观察,糖溶于水但不溶于油。
温度和压力对溶解度的影响
- 固体在液体中的溶解度通常随温度升高而增加,随温度下降而降低。
- 固体在液体中的溶解度不受压力变化的影响。
- 气体在液体中的溶解度通常随温度升高而降低,随温度降低而升高。
- 气体在液体中的溶解度随压力升高而增加,随压力降低而降低。
溶液浓度
在一定量的溶剂中存在的溶质的量可以称为溶液的浓度。它被测量为溶解在给定质量或体积溶剂中的溶质量的分数。
A solution in which less amount of solute is present is called a dilute solution whereas, a solution containing more solute is called a concentrated solution.
数学上,
- 溶液浓度=溶质量/溶剂量
还,
- 溶液浓度=溶质量/溶液量
示例问题
问题 1:将 20g 氯化钠溶解在 180g 作为溶剂的水中形成溶液。计算溶液的浓度。
解决方案:
Given,
Mass of sodium chloride = 20 g
Mass of water = 180 g
We know,
Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent
= 20 g + 180 g
= 200 g
Concentration of solution is given by,
= [(Mass of solute)/ (Mass of solution)] × 100
= (20/200) × 100
= 10 %
问题2:如何判断溶液是否饱和?
解决方案:
We take a solution with a solute dissolved in the solvent. On constant stirring, if more solute can be dissolved into the solvent, then the solution is unsaturated otherwise saturated.
问题 3:如何创建饱和解决方案?
解决方案:
Following are the steps to create a saturated solution:
- Adding a solute to a solvent beyond the point that solid gets dissolved in the solvent.
- Adding seed crystals to a supersaturated solution.
- Evaporating a solvent from a solution till the point the solute in the solution begins to crystallize or precipitate.
问题 4:给出一些户外饱和溶液的例子。
解决方案:
Some of the outdoor examples of saturated solutions are:
- Seawater – A saturated solution with salt as the solute.
- Soil – A saturated solution with nitrogen.
- Air – A saturated solution with moisture.
- Freshwater – Water containing elements and metals, like potassium, dissolved till saturation.
问题 5:举一个例子,说明在不同的时间间隔内可能是不饱和、饱和和过饱和的解。
解决方案:
Considering a soda bottle can show that a solution can be unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated at different intervals of time. Before opening the soda bottle, the solution is supersaturated, On opening the bottle, the excess dissolved carbon dioxide escapes from the surface resulting in the formation of bubbles. This is a saturated solution. When left for a large amount of time, the soda water goes flat and turns into an unsaturated solution.