饱和和不饱和烃
碳化合物被称为有机化合物。大多数有机化合物含有氢,许多有机化合物除了碳之外还含有氧或其他元素。因此,绝大多数有机化合物是碳氢化合物,仅含有氢和碳。让我们谈谈碳氢化合物及其各种类型。
什么是碳氢化合物?
Hydrocarbon is a chemical compound that consists only of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbon is made up of two elements: hydrogen and carbon.
由于甲烷(CH 4 )、乙烷(C 2 H 6 )、乙炔(C 2 H 2 )等都是由氢和碳两种元素组成,所以这些都是碳氢化合物。
石油,通常被称为原油,是碳氢化合物最重要的天然来源。它是通过钻油井从地下油藏中提取的。碳氢化合物也可以在石油矿床上方发现的天然气中找到。
碳氢化合物的类型:碳氢化合物有两种类型,即饱和碳氢化合物和不饱和碳氢化合物。
饱和烃
A saturated hydrocarbon is one in which all of the carbon atoms are connected by a single bond. Saturated hydrocarbons are also called alkanes.
烷烃是碳原子仅通过单个共价键连接在一起的碳氢化合物。在烷烃中,没有双键或三键。结果,碳氢化合物甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷形成了一系列称为烷烃的化合物。所有这些饱和碳氢化合物的名称末尾都有“ane”。
饱和烃或烷烃的通式是C n H 2n+2其中n是烷烃一分子中的碳原子数。
- 如果烷烃的分子中有1个碳原子,则n=1,其分子式为C 1 H 2(1)+2或CH 4 。
- 如果烷烃分子中有2个碳原子,则n=2,其分子式为C 2 H 2(2)+2或C 2 H 6 。
- 如果烷烃分子中有3个碳原子,则n=3,其分子式为C 3 H 2(3)+2或C 3 H 8 。
- 如果烷烃分子中有4个碳原子,则n=4,其分子式为C 4 H 2(4)+2或C 4 H 10 。
甲烷(CH 4 )、乙烷(C 2 H 6 )、丙烷(C 3 H 8 )和丁烷(C 4 H 10 )都是仅包含碳-碳单键的饱和烃,如下所示。
不饱和烃
An unsaturated hydrocarbon is one in which two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond or triple bond. Two important unsaturated hydrocarbons are ethene (C2H4) and ethyne (C2H2) because ethyne contains a triple bond and ethene contains a double bond between the two carbon atoms.
通过在两个碳原子之间共享两对电子形成双键,而通过在两个碳原子之间共享三对电子形成三键。
不饱和烃通常通过称为裂化的过程从石油中获得。不饱和烃有两种,
- 那些含有碳-碳双键的称为烯烃和
- 那些含有碳碳三键的称为炔烃。
烯烃
An alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with two carbon atoms connected together by a double bond. Alkenes have a double bond between two carbon atoms that are formed by sharing two pairs of electrons, resulting in a total of four electrons.
由于它们在两个碳原子之间具有双键,因此乙烯 (CH) 和丙烯 (CH) 是烯烃。由于烯烃在两个碳原子之间具有双键,因此最简单的烯烃分子将具有两个碳原子。烯烃中不能只有一个碳原子。烯烃具有通式C n H 2n其中n是一分子烯烃中的碳原子数。
- 如果烯烃的分子中有 2 个碳原子,则 n=2,其分子式为 C 2 H 2(2)或 C 2 H 4 。
- 如果烯烃分子中有3个碳原子,则n=3,其分子式为C 3 H 2(3)或C 3 H 6 。
- 如果烯烃分子中有4个碳原子,则n=4,其分子式为C 4 H 2(4)或C 4 H 8 。
炔烃
An alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with two carbon atoms connected together by a triple bond. Alkynes have a triple bond between two carbon atoms that are formed by sharing three pairs of electrons, resulting in a total of six electrons.
由于它们在两个碳原子之间具有三键,因此乙炔和丙炔是炔烃。由于炔烃在两个碳原子之间具有三键,因此最简单的炔烃分子将具有两个碳原子。炔烃中不能只有一个碳原子。炔烃具有通式C n H 2n-2其中n是一分子炔烃中的碳原子数。
- 如果炔烃分子中有2个碳原子,则n=2,其分子式为C 2 H 2(2)-2或C 2 H 2 。
- 如果炔烃分子中有3个碳原子,则n=3,其分子式为C 3 H 2(3)-2或C 3 H 4 。
- 如果炔烃分子中有4个碳原子,则n=4,其分子式为C 4 H 2(4)-2或C 4 H 6 。
最简单的烯烃是乙烯,最简单的炔烃是乙炔。
示例问题
问题 1:提及饱和烃和不饱和烃之间的重要区别。
回答:
Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds and are unreactive whereas unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bonds and are quite reactive.
问题2:最简单的烯烃有多少个碳原子?
回答:
An alkene has a double bond between two carbon atoms, so a simplest alkene will have two carbon atoms.
问题 3:提及烷烃和烯烃之间的重要区别。
回答:
An alkane has carbon-carbon single bonds only and an alkene has carbon-carbon double bonds only.
问题 4:确定给定的化合物 C 3 H 4是烯烃还是炔烃。
回答:
The alkenes have carbon-carbon double bonds and their general formula is CnH2n. The alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds and their general formula is CnH2n-2. Here in the given compound n= 3. Now put n= 3 in the general formula of alkene, we get C3H2(3) i.e., C3H6 which does not match the given compound, so it is not alkene. Now put n= 3 in the general formula of alkyne, we get C3H2(3)-2 i.e., C3H4 which is the given compound. So the given compound is an alkyne.
问题 5:如果烃分子有 3 个碳原子,写出烷烃的分子式。
回答:
The general formula of alkane is CnH2n+2 where n is the number of carbon atoms in a molecule. Given that there are 3 carbon atoms in the given hydrocarbon, so n= 3. Now put n= 3 in the general formula of alkane, we get C3H2(3)+2 i.e., C3H8. So the molecular formula of alkane having 3 carbon atoms is C3H8.