改善印度粮食安全的计划

粮食安全是指确保向人们，特别是营养不良的人提供充足的食物供应。在印度，粮食安全一直是一个主要问题。

According to UN-India, India has nearly 195 million undernourished people, accounting for one-quarter of the world’s hunger burden. In addition, approximately 43 % of children in India are chronically malnourished.

In terms of the Food Security Index 2020, India ranks 71st out of 113 major countries.

虽然现有的营养标准满足100%的要求。印度在 20% 的优质蛋白质摄入量方面远远落后，这必须通过以可承受的价格提供大豆、扁豆、肉类、鸡蛋、奶制品等富含蛋白质的食品来解决。根据人权衡量倡议。印度在其收入水平上为食物权做了应有的努力的 56.8%。

印度政府粮食安全计划

• 综合儿童发展服务 (ICDS)

于 1975 年 10 月 2 日开始的综合儿童发展服务 (ICDS) 计划是印度政府的旗舰计划之一，也是世界上最大、最具创新性的幼儿保育和发展计划之一。它是该国对其儿童和哺乳母亲的承诺的最明显象征，一方面是为了应对提供学前非正规教育的挑战，同时也打破营养不良的食物循环、发病率、学习能力下降，另一方面是死亡率。 0-6岁的儿童、孕妇和哺乳妈妈是该计划的受益者。

• 以工换粮（FFW）

这是在 1977 -78 年引入的，目的是为社会中较贫穷的部分提供粮食，而不是工资，后来将工资重组为目前的国家以工代赈计划。

National food for work programme: During the early phases of the scheme’s implementation, the Indian government anticipated a protest to safeguard individuals living in the country’s most impoverished areas by providing them food grains instead of pay, and had set aside surplus food grains produced throughout the country for distribution as wages.

The primary goal was to save the poor’s lives by giving them food grains, and the secondary goal was to make them do some work for national development, such as building roads from Kutcha to semi-Kutcha, clearing debris and cleaning historical monuments, groundwork on some irrigation and agriculture work, and so on. This was later subsumed in the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, which guarantees a minimum of 100 days of work to every rural household whose members can do some manual labour.

一些亮点是，

1. 该计划于 2004 年 11 月 14 日在全国 150 个最落后的地区启动。唯一的目标是加强补充工资就业的产生。
2. 一些在农村地区需要有薪就业并希望从事体力劳动的人可以从该计划中受益。
3. 该计划有一个 100% 的中央资助计划，用于向穷人免费分发粮食。
4. 在这个方案中，只有节点官员是区的收集者，对规划、实施、协调、监督和监督负有全部责任。

Buffer Stock: Food Corporation of India stores the stock of food grains namely wheat and rice procured by the government. this is known as buffer stock

• In this FCI purchase the surplus production of food grain such as wheat and rice from the farmers, 
• Then the purchased food grains have been stored in government granaries. so that in future surplus stock can be distributed in deficient areas and among the poorer section of society at a price lower than the market price also known as Issue price.
• It helps in the shortage of food. These extra foodgrains also help at the time of natural calamities where there is a shortage of food.

• 公共分配系统

它被定义为由 FCI 采购的食物分配给社会中较弱或较贫穷的部分的系统。为了分发约 55 万份食物，口粮商店已在不同地区的村庄、城镇开设。口粮商店也被称为公平价格商店，并保留用于烹饪的煤油、糖、食品谷物的库存。与市场相比，这些商店的商品以非常低的价格出售。任何持有配给卡的家庭都可以购买规定数量的这些物品。

配给卡分为三种——

1. 对于穷人中最穷的人，有 ANTYODAYA 卡。
2. 对于贫困线以下的人，有 BPL 卡。
3. 对于所有其他人，他们有 APL 卡。

• 安提奥达亚·安娜·约嘉娜 (AAY)

该计划于 2000 年 12 月启动，根据该计划，确定了目标公共分配系统覆盖的 BPL 家庭中最贫困的一千万。在该计划中，国家农村发展部门通过贫困线以下调查确定了贫困家庭。

根据该计划，每个符合条件的家庭以每公斤小麦 2 元和大米每公斤 3 元的高额补贴率获得 25 公斤粮食。自 2022 年 4 月起，这一数量已从 25 公斤增加到 35 公斤。后来，在 2003 年 6 月，它两次扩大了 500 万个 BPL 家庭，随着 2004 年 8 月的增加，AAY 已经覆盖了大约 2 千万个家庭。这些是政府为解决粮食短缺问题而启动的计划，以便人们获得适当的饮食需求，并在自然灾害时提供帮助。

示例问题

问题 1：绿色革命的影响是什么？

回答：

• Green Revolution has made India self sufficient in food grains.
• Due to Green Revolution, There has been significant increase in the rice yield in the states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
• It also helps in the production rise of food grains that helps the government to build the buffer stock.

问题 2：解释公共分配系统的两个限制？

回答：

The limitations of the Public Distribution System are,

1. Hunger is prevailing in the society even after the so many years of working of public distribution system .
2. Another effect of PDS is wastage and deterioration of foodgrains because of the excess stock in godown than their capacity .

问题3：最低支持价格是多少？

回答：

The farmers will be paid preannounced price for their crops and this is declared by the government every year before the sowing season to provide incentives to the farmers for raising the production of their crops .This price is known as Minimum Support price

问题4：饥荒的影响是什么？

回答：

The effects of Famine are,

1. Famine leads to the decrease in the total production of food grains which cause the shortage of food grains .
2. Famine results into widespread deaths due to starvation and epidemics .

问题 5：什么是综合儿童发展服务 (ICDS)？

回答：

To address the issue of poverty, this scheme was implemented in 1975. Their primary target population included children under the age of six, pregnant women, and nursing mothers. .