算术运算简介
算术是一种传统上使用的数学运算,涉及数字系统及其运算。它用于获得确定的单个值。该术语起源于希腊语“arithmos”,它的意思是数字。与算术相关的传统运算包括求和、差、乘和除。几个世纪以来,这些操作都是为了交易、营销和货币化而进行的。
Arithmetic is the elementary branch of mathematics that specifically deals with the study of numbers and properties of traditional operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
除了传统的加减乘除运算外,还包括百分比、对数、指数和平方根等高级计算。本文重点研究和解释这些基本类型的算术运算。
算术史
- 17世纪的印度数学家布拉马笈多是“算术之父”。
- 卡尔·弗里德里希·高斯在 1801 年提供了数论的基本原理。
算术的基本运算
下面讨论算术的四种基本运算,即加法、减法、乘法和除法:
加法 (+)
加法的简单定义是将两个或多个值或数字组合成一个值的操作。将 n 个值相加的过程称为求和。
0 被称为加法的单位元素,因为当将 0 加到任何值上时,它会给出相同的结果。例如,如果我们将 0 添加到 5,结果将与 5 相同。
0 + 5 = 5
并且,逆元素包括相反值的相加。添加逆元素的结果将是一个为 0 的单位元素。例如,如果我们将 2 与它的相反值 -2 相加,那么结果将是
2 + (-2) = 0
减法(-)
减法是计算两个值之差(即被减数减去被减数)的算术运算。在被减数大于被减数的情况下,差为正数。它是加法的逆运算。
4 – 2 = 2
同时,如果减数大于被减数,则它们之间的差异将为负数。
2 – 4 = -2
乘法(×)
乘法运算中涉及的两个值称为被乘数和乘数。它结合了被乘数和乘数这两个值来给出一个乘积。
假定为 a 和 b 的两个值的乘积以 ab 或 a × b 形式表示。
2 × 4 = 8
除法(÷)
除法是计算两个数字的商的操作。它是乘法的逆。其中涉及的两个值称为除数的除数,如果商大于 1,如果除数大于除数,则结果将为正数。
4 ÷ 2 = 2
示例问题
问题 1. 两个数之和是 100,它们的差是 60。找出这些数。
解决方案:
Let the two numbers be x and y
Now, according to the question
x + y = 100…………..(I)
x – y = 60…………….(ii)
From equation (I)
=>x = 100 – y
Therefore, putting the value of x
=>100 – y – y = 60
=>100 – 2y = 60
=>2y = 40
=>y = 20
Putting the value of y in equation (ii)
=>x – y = 60
=>x = 60 + 20
=>x = 80
Therefore, the numbers are 80 and 20 respectively.
问题 2:简化 50 + 10(9) – 9
解决方案:
=>50 + 10(9) – 9
=>50 + 90 – 9
=>140 – 9
=>131
问题 3:如果两个数 x 和 a + 5 之和为 39。求 x 的值。
解决方案:
According to the question,
=>x + (x + 5) = 39
=>2x + 5 = 39
Subtracting 5 on both sides,
=>2x + 5 – 5 = 39 – 5
=>2x = 34
x = 34/2 = 17
Therefore, the value of x is 17.
问题 4:通过求 p 的值给出两个数的差。
解决方案:
According to the equation,
=>p – 4 = 11
Adding 4 to the both sides,
=>p – 4 + 4 = 11 + 4
=>p = 15
Therefore, the value of p is 15.
问题 5:在给定的方程 y – 9 = 3 中找到 y 的值。
解决方案:
According to the question,
=>y – 9 = 3
=>y = 9 + 3
=>y = 12
Therefore, the value of y is 12.
问题 6:化简:-1[(3 – 28) ÷ 5] – 2 × 24 ÷ 6
=>-1[(3 – 28) ÷ 5] – 2 × 24 ÷ 6
=>-1 × [(-25) ÷ 5] – 2 × 24 ÷ 6
=>-1 × [-5] – 2 × 24 ÷ 6
=>5 – 2 × 24 ÷ 6
=>5 – 48 ÷ 6
=>5 – 8
=>-3
问题 7:求解 2x = 10
解决方案:
According to question,
=>2 × x = 10
Dividing both sides with 2
=>2 × x/2 = 10/2
=>x = 5
Therefore, the value of x is 5.
问题 8:求解给定方程 5x/4 + 1/2 = 2x – 1/2
解决方案:
=>5x/4 + 1/2 = 2x – 1/2
Multiplying both sides with 4
=>4(5x/4 + 1/2) = 4(2x – 1/2)
=>5x + 2 = 8x – 2
=>-3x + 2 = -2
Subtracting both sides with 2
=>-3x + 2 – 2 = -2 – 2
=>x = -4/-3
=>x = 4/3
Therefore, the value of x is 4/3.
问题 9:求未知数的值 3/2y – 2/3 = 1/5y
解决方案:
According to the question,
=>3/2y – 2/3 = 1/5y
Multiplying both sides with 30(LCM of 2, 3, and 5)
=>30(3/2y – 2/3) = 30(1/5y)
=>45y – 20 = 6y
Adding 20 on both sides,
=>45y – 20 + 20 = 6y + 20
=>45y = 6y + 20
=>39y = 20
=>y = 20/39
Therefore, the value of y is 20/39.