在数学中,抛物线是在平面中移动的点的轨迹,在该平面中,其距固定点的距离(称为焦点)始终等于在同一平面中距固定直线的距离(称为准线)。换句话说,抛物线是几乎呈U形的平面曲线,其中每个点都与固定点(称为焦点)和直线(称为准线)等距。抛物线只有一个焦点,而焦点永远不会放在准线上。如图所示,在下面图中,在其中P的1M = P 1 S,P 2 M = P 2 S,P 3 M = P 3 S和P的4M = P 4 S.
焦点和方向的抛物线方程
现在,我们将学习如何从焦点和准线找到抛物线方程。因此,令S为焦点,线ZZ’为准线。从S的垂直轴上绘制SK,然后在V处将SK等分。
VS = VK
V距焦点的距离= V距准线的距离
V位于抛物线上,因此,SK = 2a。
然后,VS = VK = a
让我们以V作为顶点,VK是垂直于ZZ’且平行于x轴的线。那么,焦点S的坐标为(h,k),并且准线ZZ′的方程为x = b。 PM与Directrix x = b垂直,并且点M将为(b,y)
让我们考虑抛物线上的点P(x,y)。现在,加入SP和PM。
我们知道P位于抛物线上
因此,SP = PM(帕拉波拉定义)
SP 2 =下午2
(x – h) 2 +(y – k) 2 =(x – b) 2 +(y – y) 2
x 2 – 2hx + h 2 +(yk) 2 = x 2 – 2bx + b 2
双方都加(2hx – b 2 ),我们得到
x 2 – 2hx + h 2 + 2hx – b 2 +(yk) 2 = x 2 – 2bx + b 2 + 2hx – b 2
2(h – b)x =(yk) 2 + h 2 – b 2
将方程除以2(h – b),我们得到
x =
x = ………………..(1)
同样,当Directrix y = b时,我们得到
y = ………………..(2)
当V为原点时,VS为长度a的x轴。那么,S的坐标将为(a,0),且准线ZZ’为x = -a。
h = a,k = 0且b = -a
使用等式(1),我们得到
x =
x =
y2 = 4ax
它是抛物线的标准方程。
注意:抛物线在其轴上有两个真实的焦点,其中一个是焦点S,另一个位于无穷大。相应的方向也位于无穷大处。
抛物线的追踪y 2 = 4ax,a> 0
给定方程可写为y =±2 ,我们从等式中观察到以下几点:
- 对称性:给定的方程式表明,对于x的每个正值,y都有两个相等且相反的值。
- 区域:给定的方程式表明,对于x的每个负值,y的值都是虚数的,这意味着曲线的任何部分都不位于y轴的左侧。
- 原点:原点是曲线穿过的点,原点处的切线为x = 0,即y轴。
- 所占部分:为x⇢∞,y⇢∞。因此,曲线延伸到y轴右侧的无穷大。
具有焦点和方向的抛物线的其他一些标准形式
抛物线方程的最简单形式是当顶点位于原点且对称轴与x轴或y轴一起时。此类抛物线类型为:
1. y 2 = 4ax
这里,
- 顶点坐标:(0,0)
- 焦点坐标:(a,0)
- 准线方程:x = -a
- 轴方程:y = 0
- 子宫直肠长度:4a
- 点P(x,y)的焦距:a + x
2. x 2 = 4ay
这里,
- 顶点坐标:(0,0)
- 焦点坐标:(-a,0)
- 准线方程:x = a
- 轴方程:y = 0
- 子宫直肠长度:4a
- 点P(x,y)的焦距:a – x
3. y 2 = – 4ay
这里,
- 顶点坐标:(0,0)
- 焦点坐标:(0,a)
- 准线方程:y = -a
- 轴方程:x = 0
- 子宫直肠长度:4a
- 点P(x,y)的焦距:a + y
4. x 2 = – 4ay
这里,
- 顶点坐标:(0,0)
- 焦点坐标:(0,-a)
- 准线方程:y = a
- 轴方程:x = 0
- 子宫直肠长度:4a
- 点P(x,y)的焦距:a – y
样本问题
问题1.找到抛物线方程,其焦点为(-4,2),且准线为x + y = 3。
解决方案:
Let P (x, y) be any point on the parabola whose focus is (-4, 2) and the directrix x + y – 3 = 0.
As we already know that the distance of a point P from focus = distance of a point P from directrix
So, √(x + 4)2 + (y – 2)2 =
On squaring both side we get
(x + 4)2 + (y – 2)2 =
2((x2 + 16 + 8x) + (y2+ 4 – 4y)) = x2 + y2 + 9 +2xy – 6x – 6y
2(x2 + 20 + 8x + y2 – 4y) = x2 + y2 + 9 +2xy – 6x – 6y
2x2 + 40 + 16x + 2y2 – 8y = x2 + y2 + 9 +2xy – 6x – 6y
x2 + y2 + 2xy + 10x – 2y + 31 = 0
问题2。找到抛物线的方程,其焦点为(-4,0),且方向数x + 6 = 0。
解决方案:
Let P (x, y) be any point on the parabola whose focus is (-4, 0) and the directrix x + 6 = 0.
As we already know that the distance of a point P from focus = distance of a point P from directrix
So, √(x + 4)2 + (y )2 =
On squaring both side we get
(x + 4)2 + (y)2 =
2x2 + 32 + 16x + 2y2 = x2 + 36 + 12x
x2 + 2y2 – 4 + 14x = 0
问题3.求出抛物线方程的焦点为(4,0),且方向数x = – 3。
解决方案:
Since the focus (4, 0) lies on the x-axis, the x-axis itself is the axis of the parabola.
Hence, the equation of the parabola is of the form either
y2 = 4ax or y2= – 4ax.
Since the directrix is x = – 3 and the focus is (4, 0),
the parabola is to be of the form y2= 4ax with a = 4.
Hence, the required equation is
y2 = 4(4)x
y2 = 16x
问题4.找到抛物线方程,其顶点位于(0,0),聚焦在(0,4)。
解决方案:
Since the vertex is at (0, 0) and the focus is at (0, 5) which lies on y-axis, the y-axis is the axis of the parabola.
Hence, the equation of the parabola is x2= 4ay.
Hence, we have x2 = 4(4)y, i.e.,
x2 = 16y
方程中抛物线的焦点和方向
现在,我们将学习如何从方程式中找到抛物线的焦点和方向。
因此,当抛物线方程为
y – k = a(x – h) 2
在这里,a的值= 1 / 4C
因此焦点是(h,k + C),顶点是(h,k),方向数是y = k –C。
范例范例
问题1. y 2 = 8x
解决方案:
The given parabola is of the form y2 = 4ax, where
4a = 8
a = 2
The coordinates of the focus are (a,0), i.e. (2,0)
and, the equation of the directrix is
x = -a, i.e. x = -2
问题2。y 2 – 8y – x + 19 = 0
解决方案:
By rearranging, we get
y2 – 8y + 16 – x + 3 = 0
y2 – 8y + 16 = x – 3
x = (y-4)2 + 3
Comparing with eq(1), we conclude
k = 4
2(h-b) = 1 ……………(I)
= 3 ……………(II)
Solving (I) and (II), we get
h = and b =
Hence, Focus is (h,k) = (,4)
and, directrix x = b =
问题3。找到以下方程式的焦点,方向线和顶点:y = x 2 – 2x + 3
解决方案:
By rearranging, we get
y =x2 – 2x + 4 – 1
y =(x-1)2 + 2
Comparing with eq(4), we conclude
h = 1
y1 = 2
2(k-b) = 1 ……………(I)
= 2 ……………(II)
Solving (I) and (II), we get
k =
and b =
Hence, Focus is (h,k) = ( 1, ),
directrix y = b =
and, vertex (h, y1) = (1,2)