极限构成了微积分理论的基础。函数的限制用于定义函数的派生,检查函数的连续性,等等。在某个特定点上,函数极限的直觉值使我们对函数的逼近值有了一个认识。请注意,在计算限制时,我们并未计算该特定点的函数的确切值。我们对寻找函数接近的方向或点更感兴趣。让我们定义限制并更详细地查看属性。
限度
在微积分中使用极限来定义微分,连续性,积分,并且将其定义为函数的逼近值,而输入趋近于确定值。假设我们有一个函数f(x)= x 2 。在下面给出的图中,请注意,当x⇢0时,f(x)也趋于变为零。可以写成极限,因为 。由于x趋于零,因此将其视为f(x)的极限。
In general, as x ⇢ a, f(x) ⇢ l, then l is called the limit of the function f(x). It can also be written as,
有时某些功能是不连续的,即当从两侧接近时,它们似乎正在接近两个不同的值。例如,让我们看下图所示的步骤函数。
此函数可以定义为:
假设我们要接近零并看到函数的极限。这自然会引出我们可以采取的方向。左侧和右侧限制。右侧极限是从所需点的右侧接近它时所采用的函数的值。同样,左侧极限是从左侧接近时的函数值。
对于此特定函数,
左侧极限,
右侧极限
极限代数
假设我们有两个函数f(x)和g(x)。我们知道和存在。下面给出的属性描述了这两种功能以不同方式组合时极限的行为。这些内容未经证明就提供了,但是我们将看到一些有关这些属性的示例来进行验证。
属性1:
Limit of sum of two functions is the sum of limits of both the functions.
属性2:
Limit of difference of two functions is the difference of limits of both the functions.
属性3:
Limit of product of two functions is the product of limits of both the functions.
物业4:
Limit of quotient of two functions is the quotient of limits of both the functions.
复合功能的极限
两个函数f(x)和g(x)的组成由(fog)(x)表示,这意味着函数g(x)的范围应位于函数f(x)的域中。现在,为了计算两个函数的组合的极限,我们使用以下属性:
让我们看一些关于这些概念的样本问题,
样本问题
问题1:给定函数f(x)= 。找 。
解决方案:
Let’s see this limit graphically,
We can see from the graph while approaching the function from either of the sides towards zero. Values start going to infinity.
问题2:当x⇢0时,求出函数f(x)= x + cos(x)的极限值。
解决方案:
The figure below shows the graph of the function,
We know that f(x) is a combination of two different function. We can use the properties studied above, property 1 works for our case.
We know f(x) = x + cos(x). Let’s say h(x) = x and g(x) = cos(x) and using the above property we get.
=
=
= 1
问题3:找到函数f(x)的极限的值=(X 2 + X 1)E X当x⇢0。
解决方案:
We know that f(x) is a combination of two different function. We can use the properties studied above, property 3 works for our case.
We know f(x) = (x2 + x +1)ex Let’s say h(x) = x2 + x +1 and g(x) =ex and using the above property we get.
=
= 1 + 1
= 2
问题4:求出函数f(x)的极限值= 当x⇢0时。
解决方案:
We know that f(x) is a combination of two different function. We can use the properties studied above, property 4 works for our case.
We know f(x) = Let’s say g(x) = x2 + x +4 and g(x) =cos(x) and using the above property we get.
=
=
=
问题5:当x⇢0,f(x)=时,从左侧和右侧找到函数极限的值 。
解决方案:
Let’s see this limit graphically,
Notice in the graph that while approaching from the left-hand side, the functions seems to take value -1 and while approaching from the right-hand side, functions seems to taking value 3.
Thus,