分化,在数学,找到衍生物,或变化率的函数的,的过程。相反,对于背后的理论的抽象性质,可以通过使用三个基本导数,四个运算规则以及如何操纵函数的知识,通过纯代数操纵来进行求微分的实用技术。
e.g.: Consider a function, x = y2.
This function can be differentiated as:
d(y2) / dy = 2y
然而,一个不定积分是另需函数的抗衍生物的函数。最后将其表示为整数符号(∫),函数和该函数的派生词。不定积分是表示反导数的更简单方法。
Let’s learn what is integration mathematically, the integration of a function f(x) is given by F(x) and it is represented by:
∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C
Here R.H.S. of the equation means integral of f(x) with respect to x, F(x) is called anti-derivative or primitive, f(x) is called the integrand, dx is called the integrating agent, C is called constant of integration or arbitrary constant and x is the variable of integration.
三角函数的一些重要不定积分列表
以下是要记住的基本三角函数上的不定积分的一些重要公式的列表,如下所示:
- ∫sin x dx = -cos x + C
- ∫cos x dx = sin x + C
- ∫秒2 x dx = tan x + C
- ∫cosec 2 x dx = -cot x + C
- ∫秒x棕褐色x dx =秒x + C
- ∫cosec x cot x dx = -cosec x + C
- ∫tan x dx = ln |秒x | + C
- ∫cot x dx = ln | sin x | + C
- ∫秒x dx = ln | sec x + tan x | + C
- ∫cosec x dx = ln | cosec x –婴儿床x | + C
其中dx是x,C的导数 是积分常数,ln表示模数(| |)内函数的对数。
通常,用三角函数解决基于三角函数的不定积分的问题。因此,让我们更多地讨论通过替换方法进行的集成,如下所示:
替代整合
在这种通过替换积分的方法中,任何给定的积分都可以通过用其他人代入自变量来转换为简单的积分形式。
Consider an integral, ∫ 3x2 sin (x3) dx.
In order to evaluate the given integral lets substitute any variable by a new variable as:
Let x3 be t for the given integral.
Then,
dt = 3x2 dx
Therefore,
∫ 3x2 sin (x3) dx = ∫ sin (x3) (3x2 dx)
Now, substitute t for x3 and dt for 3x2 dx in the above integral.
∫ 3x2 sin (x3) dx = ∫ sin (t) (dt)
= -cos t + C (Since, ∫ sin x dx = -cos x + C)
Again, substitute back x3 for t in the expression as:
∫ 3x2 sin (x3) dx = -cos x3 + C
因此,替代整合的一般形式是:
∫f(g(x))。g’(x).dx = f(t).dx (其中t = g(x))
通常,当我们替换其导数也存在于被整数中的函数时,通过替换积分的方法非常有用。这样做可以简化函数,然后可以使用集成的基本公式来集成函数。
在微积分中,通过替代积分的方法也称为“反向链规则”或“ U替代方法”。当以特殊形式设置整数值时,我们可以使用此方法查找整数值。这意味着给定的积分形式为:
现在,让我们根据上面讨论的概念来解决一些基本问题,如下所示:
样本问题
问题1:确定以下函数的积分:f(x)= cos 3 x。
解决方案:
Let us consider the integral of the given function as,
I = ∫ cos3 x dx
It can be rewritten as:
I = ∫ (cos x) (cos2x) dx
Use trigonometry identity: cos2x = 1 – sin2x as,
I = ∫ (cos x) (1 – sin2x) dx
= ∫ cos x – cos x sin2x dx
= ∫ cosx dx – ∫ cosx sin2x dx
= sin x – ∫ sin2x cos x dx. (Since, ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C) ……(1)
Let, sin x = t then, cos x dx = dt.
Substitute t for sin x and dt for cos x dx in second term of the above integral.
I = sin x – ∫ t2 dt
= sin x – t3/3 + C
Again, substitute back sin x for t in the expression.
Hence, ∫ cos3x dx = sin x – sin3 x / 3 + C.
问题2:如果f(x)= sin 2 (x)cos 3 (x),则确定∫sin 2 (x)cos 3 (x)dx。
解决方案:
Let us consider the integral of the given function as,
I = ∫ sin2(x) cos3(x) dx
Use trigonometry identity: cos2 x = 1 – sin2 x as,
I = ∫ sin2 x (1 – sin2 x) cos x dx
Let sin x = t then,
dt = cos x dx
Substitute these in the above integral as,
I = ∫ t2 (1 – t2) dt
= ∫ t2 – t4 dt
= t3 / 3 – t5 / 5 + C
Substitute back the value of t in the above integral as,
Hence, I = sin3 x / 3 – sin5 x / 5 + C.
问题3:令f(x)= sin 4 (x),然后找到∫f(x)dx。即∫sin 4 (x)dx。
解决方案:
Let us consider the integral of the given function as,
I = ∫ sin4(x) dx
or
I = ∫ (sin2(x))2 dx
Use trigonometry identity: sin2(x) = (1 – cos (2x)) / 2 as,
I = ∫ {(1 – cos (2x)) / 2}2 dx
= (1/4) × ∫ (1+cos2(2x)- 2 cos2x) dx
= (1/4) × ∫ 1 dx + ∫ cos2(2x) dx – 2 ∫ cos2x dx
= (1/4) × [ x + ∫ (1 + cos 4x) / 2 dx – 2 ∫ cos2x dx ]
= (1/4) × [ 3x / 2 + sin 4x / 8 – sin 2x ] + C
= 3x / 8 + sin 4x / 32 – sin 2x / 4 + C
Hence, ∫ sin4(x) dx = 3x / 8 + sin 4x / 32 – sin 2x / 4 + C
问题4:查找以下内容的集成:
解决方案:
Let us consider the integral of the given function as,
Let t = tan-1 x ……(1)
Now, differentiate both side with respect to x:
dt = 1 / (1+x2) dx
Therefore, the given integral becomes:
I = ∫ et dt
= et + C …….(2)
Substitute the value of (1) in (2) as:
which is the required integration for the given function.
问题5:找到定义为的函数f(x)的积分,
f(x)= 2x cos(x 2 – 5)dx
解决方案:
Let us consider the integral of the given function as,
I = ∫ 2x cos (x2 – 5) dx
Let (x2 – 5) = t ……(1)
Now differentiate both side with respect to x as,
2x dx = dt
Substituting these values in the above integral,
I = ∫ cos (t) dt
= sin t + C ……(2)
Substitute the value equation (1) in equation (2) as,
I = sin (x2 – 5) + C
This is the required integration for the given function.
问题6:确定给定的不定积分的值,I =∫cot(3x +5)dx。
解决方案:
The given integral can be written as,
I = ∫ cot (3x +5) dx
= ∫ cos (3x +5) / sin (3x +5) dx
Let, t = sin(3x + 5) so,
dt = 3 cos (3x+5) dx
Therefore,
cos (3x+5) dx = dt / 3
And
I = ∫ dt / 3 sin t
= (1 / 3) ln | t | + C
Replace t by sin (3x+5) in the above expression.
I = (1 / 3) ln | sin (3x+5) | + C
This is the required integration for the given function.