1. 行动研究：
行动研究是一种定性研究。顾名思义，它更注重行动，以解决眼前的问题。行动研究帮助研究人员即兴发挥其当前的实践，并应用于研究问题。它旨在通过导致个人或专业发展的行动来学习，手段侧重于改进和/或完善行动。这种类型的研究通常用于教育领域，通过即兴实践来弥合教育理论与专业实践之间的差距。这有助于观察问题并确定原因，然后解决问题，因此主要更侧重于立即解决实际问题并生成知识以产生变化。
2. 案例研究：
案例研究是指对特定事件或个人或一群人的深入研究。它更像是一种定性的研究方法，通过收集和报告与事件或情况相关的数据，通过深入观察和分析事件或情况来理解复杂问题。案例研究更倾向于描述而不是直接的因果关系发现。案例研究根据研究方法分为探索性、解释性和描述性三种方式。这些研究涉及定量和定性数据。此类研究可用于解决基于社区的问题，如文盲、失业、贫困和毒瘾。
案例研究和行动研究之间的区别：
| S.No. | ACTION RESEARCH | CASE STUDY |
|---|---|---|
| 01. | Action research is a type of research study which is more action oriented in order to solve an immediate problem. | Case study is an in-depth examination of a particular event or individual or a group of individuals. |
| 02. | Action research involves solving a problem. | Case study involves observing a problem. |
| 03. | It is mainly used in educational field. | It is used in many fields. |
| 04. | It always provides a solution to a problem. | It does not provide solution to a problem. |
| 05. | Identify a problem to research. | Identifying and defining the research questions. |
| 06. | In action research the researchers can also act as participants of the research. | In case study research researchers do not take part in the research study. |
| 07. | It identifies the cause and then address the issue. | It explores and understand complex issues. |
| 08. | Action research analyze data and plan actions. | Case study research analyze data. |
| 09. | Action Research defines context and purpose. | Case study defines the theoretical conceptual structure. |