金属、非金属和准金属
在经典物理学和普通化学中,物质被定义为具有质量并占据空间的任何物质。日常可以触摸的物体最终是由原子组成的,原子是由相互作用的亚原子粒子组成的,而物质是指原子和由它们组成的一切,以及任何看起来既具有静止质量又具有静止体积的粒子,在日常和科学使用中。然而,它不包括像光子这样的无质量粒子,以及像光这样的其他能量现象或波。有许多不同的物质状态。
除了固体、液体和气体的经典日常相外,其他状态,如等离子体、玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体、费米子凝聚体和夸克-胶子等离子体,也是可能的——例如,水以冰、液态水和水的形式存在。气态蒸汽——但其他状态,如等离子体、玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚态、费米子凝聚态和夸克-胶子等离子体也是可能的。除此之外,它还分为纯物质和混合物。
纯物质
仅由一种或一种原子组成的物质称为元素。元素是纯物质,因为它不能通过物理或化学方式分解或变成不同的物质。金属、非金属和准金属是最常见的元素。
另一方面,化合物是由两种或多种元素以预定比例化学组合形成的纯实体。另一方面,化学程序可以将这些化合物分解成单独的元素。
例如金、铜、氧、氯、钻石等。
纯物质的性质:
- 在自然界中,纯物质一般都是同质的,只有一种原子或分子。
- 这些化合物中的大多数在整个过程中具有一致或均匀的构成。
- 化学物质的沸点和熔点是固定的。
- 在大多数情况下,纯物质参与化学过程以产生可预测的结果。
元素:元素是对应于当前元素周期表上单个点的化合物。元素仅由一种原子组成。它们可以作为原子或分子存在,不能分解成更简单的部分。国际纯粹与应用化学联合会 (IUPAC) 为元素分配符号。例如,字母 O 和 Al 分别代表氧和铝。
这些元素被放置在元素周期表中,并根据它们的分组分类为金属、非金属或准金属。
金属
A metal is a hard solid substance with a lustrous sheen that conducts heat and electricity. Metals are excellent heat and electrical conductors. Silver is the best heat conductor. Metals can also be hammered into sheets due to their malleability. Due to their ductility, metals may be pulled into wire.
大多数金属在常温下为固体并具有特征性的银光(汞除外,它是一种液体)。金属通常具有高熔点,但镓和铯的熔点如此之低,如果您将它们放在手掌中,它们就会熔化。碱金属,如锂、钠和钾,是金属正常特性的另一个例外,因为它们非常柔软,可以用刀切开。它们还具有低熔点和密度。铅、汞、钛和铬是不良的热导体。铋是效率最低的热导体。
例如铁、铜、铝、钙、镁、金、银等。
金属的特性:
- 适应性强(可拉成薄片)
- 球墨铸铁(可拉成丝)
- 光泽(光泽)的颜色为银灰色或金黄色。
- 空灵(被击中时发出铃声)
- 除了在室温下呈液态的汞外,大多数金属在室温下呈固态。
- 除钠和钾外,所有金属都是坚硬的。
- 金属的最外层具有一到三个电子。
- 金属是极好的热和电导体(它们的最外层有自由电子。)
- 金属具有相对较高的密度(单位体积的材料物质的质量)
- 除了钠和钾由于它们的强金属连接而具有低熔点和沸点外,金属具有高熔点和沸点。
非金属
Nonmetals are elements that either lack or have properties that are diametrically opposed to those of metals. They frequently have weak thermal and electrical conductivities. They are brittle and lack the malleability and ductility of other materials.
在常温下,大多数元素非金属是气态的,而其他的则是固体。溴是一种液态的非金属物质。除碘外,非金属缺乏光泽。非金属通常具有低熔点和沸点。碳是一种非金属,有多种形式,称为同素异形体。已知最坚硬的天然物质,金刚石是碳的同素异形体,具有非常高的熔点和沸点。在非金属的情况下,这是一个例外。另一个例外是石墨,它是碳的另一种同素异形体,是一种良好的电导体。非金属的密度低于金属。
例如氧、碳、硫、氢、磷、氮、氯等。
非金属的特性:
- 非金属有多种颜色可供选择。
- 除碘和钻石外,非金属在自然界中没有光泽(因为它们没有金属光泽,也不反射光)。
- 除碳外,非金属本质上是不可延展的(由于它们的脆性,它们不能形成片材)。
- 非金属本质上是不可延展的(因为它们非常脆,不能拉成线。)
- 除钻石外,非金属都是软的。
- 除石墨外,非金属是不良的热和电导体。
准金属
Metalloids have qualities that are halfway between metals and nonmetals. When it comes to physical qualities, they are closer to nonmetals, but under particular conditions, many of them may be induced to conduct electricity, contrary to expectations.
计算机和其他电子设备使用这些半导体。他们可以有一个肮脏或金属的外观。这些元素在元素周期表中对角排列。通常,它们很脆弱。他们结合金属制造合金。在化学反应中,它们可以接收或失去电子。由于其独特的特性,它们在工业中用作催化剂、生物制剂、阻燃剂、合金和半导体。准金属包括硼、硅、锗、砷、碲和锑,仅举几例。
例如硼 (B)、硅 (Si)、锗 (Ge)、砷 (As)、锑 (Sb)、碲 (Te) 和钋 (Po)。
准金属的性质:
- 准金属是具有金属和非金属特性的材料。
- 准金属是元素周期表中大约八种元素的一组。
示例问题
问题1:您如何区分金属和非金属?
回答:
Elements are made up of metals, non-metals, and metalloids. Metals are excellent heat and electricity conductors, as well as malleable (able to be hammered into sheets) and ductile materials (can be drawn into wire). Nonmetals often have a drab look, low melting temperatures, boiling boils, and densities, and are poor heat and electrical conductors.
问题2:什么金属最软?
回答:
Lead is one of the softest metals, and Caesium is the softest metal. Mercury is a liquid at ambient temperature (molten). At body temperature, gallium is a liquid, but at room temperature, it is a solid (if soft).
问题3:金属、非金属和准金属有什么区别?
回答:
Metalloids are brittle solids that resemble metals and contain semiconductors or semiconducting components, as well as amphoteric and weakly acidic oxides. Non-metals are typically black or colourless, fragile when solid, poor heat and electrical conductors, and include acidic oxides. Metals are shiny, malleable, ductile, and excellent heat and electricity conductors.
问题 4:准金属的三个区别特性是什么?
回答:
Metalloids have a lustrous appearance, but they are fragile and are merely good conductors of electricity. Chemically, they’re frequently non-metals. They have the ability to create steel alloys. In essence, several of their other physical and chemical features are intermediate.
问题 5:纯解决方案与其他类型解决方案的区别是什么?
回答:
Boiling point, melting point, density, and other properties of pure materials are all unique. They are all homogeneous, meaning that their distribution in the aggregate is uniform. Elements and compounds are both pure substances.
问题6:最贵重的金属是什么?
回答:
The metal rhodium is the rarest on the planet. It’s a highly reflective and corrosion-resistant silver-white metallic element. It is the world’s rarest and most valuable metal, far exceeding gold and silver. Rhodium is the rarest of the platinum group, occurring in the Earth’s crust at a rate of one part in 200 million. Up to 1,112 degrees Fahrenheit, it is unaffected by air or water (600 degrees Celsius). Rhodium’s chemical symbol is Rh. It has the atomic number 45 and the atomic weight 102.90550. It has a density of 12.41g/cm3 and is solid at normal temperature.
问题7:非金属有哪些应用?
回答:
The applications of non-metals are as follows:
- Iodine aids in the treatment of throat infections and is used as an antiseptic in the treatment of wounds and cuts.
- As a bleaching agent, chlorine is utilised. It is used to kill dangerous germs in drinking water.
- Helium is utilised as an inert gas in scientific studies. It is also utilised in the manufacture of balloons.
- Apart from playing a crucial role in the respiration process, oxygen is also used in the steel and metal production industries.
- In fireworks, Sulphur and phosphorus are employed.
- Fertilizers contain nitrogen.
- In ultrafiltration and to control foul odours in the refrigerator, charcoal, an amorphous form of carbon, is employed.
问题8:如果你接触到金属钙会发生什么?
回答:
Calcium will react with water or moisture that causes heat. When calcium metal comes into contact with moisture in the eyes, body, or lungs, it can cause severe corrosive irritation.