金属和非金属——定义、特性、用途和应用
金属和非金属是可以通过其物理和化学特性来区分的两种物质。金属是由于原子之间存在强金属连接而通常坚硬的元素。另一方面,非金属通常是软部件。金属被定义为在其价壳中具有一个、两个或三个电子的元素。非金属是在其最外层包含 4、5、6 或 7 个电子的元素。
什么是金属?
Metals are substances that are formed naturally below the surface of the Earth. Most of the metals are lustrous, i.e. they are shiny. Metals are made of substances that were never alive.
这意味着它们是无机的。它们是地壳的天然化合物,通常以金属矿石的形式存在。它们相互关联,也与其他元素关联。金属存在于被地表水和地下水冲刷的岩石中。它们也出现在大气尘埃中。它们是坚固、延展性、延展性和良好的热和电导体。金属用于制造汽车、卫星和炊具等。大多数金属通常是坚硬的。钠和钾是明显的例外。刀可以用来切割它们。大多数金属都是固体,除了汞,汞在室温下是液态金属。
金属的物理性质
- 它们是热和电的良导体,因此它们在日常生活中得到应用,例如由铁或铝制成的炊具,因为它们是热的良导体。
- 物质被拉入电线的能力称为延展性,正是这种特性使金属可以用作电缆线和焊接。
- 延展性是金属的特性,可以将它们打成平板。由于其重量轻且强度高,铝板被用于制造飞机。金属因此具有延展性。
- 金属在与另一个硬物撞击时会产生深沉或响亮的声音。因此,它们是响亮的。
- 大多数金属是有光泽的,即它们是有光泽的,但它们也可以被抛光以具有闪亮的外观。
金属的用途和应用
金属通常非常坚固、最耐用,并且对日常磨损具有高度免疫性。因此,它们过去需要用于很多事情。即使是现在,随着技术的发展和一系列其他因素,金属的应用已经显着扩大。金属在经济中甚至很重要。
- 建筑业:金属是住宅行业中最多的组成部分。钢铁是建筑物甚至房屋建造中使用最多的金属之一。
- 电子产品:金属用于制造电力设备和小工具的电缆和零件,因为它们是良好的电导体。电视、手机、冰箱、熨斗和电脑只是其中的几个例子。
- 医学:各种功能都需要金属元素,包括神经冲动传递、氧气流动、酶反应等。为了治疗特定的缺陷或疾病,几种药物与金属化合物结合使用。抗酸剂含有铁、钙、镁、钾、钛和铝等金属,这些金属常用于医药。
- 汽车和机械:它们广泛用于生产工业、农业和农业机械,以及公路车辆、铁路、飞机和火箭等汽车。铁、铝和钢是该领域最常用的金属。大多数炊具由金属制成,例如钢、铝和铜。优选金属,因为它们具有优异的耐热性。
- 其他用途:如今,大多数家具都是用金属制成的。金属也用于军事,用于生产武器和弹药。镀锌通过使用某些金属来保护金属不生锈。
什么是非金属?
Elements that lack the attributes of metals are called non-metals.
非金属是良好的热和电绝缘体。它们主要是气体和液体。一些非金属在室温下是固体。例如碳、硫和磷。
非金属的一些显着的一般特性是:
- 非金属的电导率非常低,是区分非金属与金属的最重要特性。
- 它们具有高电负性。电负性是原子具有比通常情况下吸引更多电子的强烈趋势的概念。
- 在正常情况下,一些非金属以气体形式存在,一些以固体形式存在,而另一种以液体形式存在,即溴。
- 许多非金属以液体或气体形式存在,这意味着与金属相比,非金属的熔点和沸点较低。
- 在它们的固态下,非金属往往是脆的。因此,它们缺乏金属所具有的延展性和延展性。
非金属的物理性质
- 碳纤维用于一系列行业,包括运动和音乐设备,并且是唯一具有延展性的非金属。
- 它们没有延展性,因为它们很脆并且在施加压力时会断裂。
- 它们没有光泽,因为它们没有任何闪亮的外观。
- 非金属在与另一种材料撞击时不会产生深沉的响声。因此,它们并不响亮。
- 它们也是热和电的不良导体。一个值得注意的例外是石墨。
非金属的用途和应用
- 日常生活:呼吸过程由 21% 体积的氧气辅助。它还用于制造钢铁并在金属制造过程中保持高温。在医院,使用氧气瓶。作为一种漂白化学品,氯可有效去除污渍和色斑。氯用于制造各种聚合物和杀虫剂。它有助于水过滤。如何?将氯添加到饮用水中会杀死细菌。对于科学实验,氦被用作惰性气体。气象气球也使用它。碘在治疗伤口和割伤以及治疗喉咙感染中用作防腐剂。
- 肥料:肥料中含有氮。它有助于植物的生长。它提高了植物的生长速度。植物也可以从非金属磷中受益。这两种非金属对植物生长至关重要。
- 饼干:硫磺和磷用于烟花爆竹。
示例问题
问题 1:定义金属和非金属。
回答:
Metals are substances that are formed naturally below the surface of the Earth. Elements that lack the attributes of metals are called non-metals.
问题 2:写一个关于金属的简短笔记。
回答:
Most of the metals are lustrous, i.e. they are shiny. Metals are made of substances that were never alive. This means that they are inorganic. They are natural compounds of earth’s crust, in which they are generally found in the form of metal ores. They are associated with each other and also with other elements. Metals are present in the rocks that are washed up by surface water and groundwater. They also appear in atmospheric dust. They are strong, ductile, malleable and good conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are used in the manufacture of automobiles, satellites, and cooking utensils, among other things. The majority of metals are typically hard. Sodium and potassium are notable exceptions. Knives can be used to cut them. Most metals are solid except mercury which is a liquid metal at room temperature.
问题 3:定义电负性。
回答:
Electronegativity is the concept where atoms have a strong tendency to attract more electrons than what they would normally have. For example, chlorine has tendency to attract one electron to achieve stability.
问题4:金属的物理性质是什么?
回答:
The physical properties of metals are-
- They are good conductors of heat and electricity and thus they find applications in day to day life like cooking utensils which is made of iron or aluminum as they are good conductors of heat.
- The capacity of a substance to be drawn into a wire is known as ductility, and it is this property that permits metals to be used as cable wires and for soldering.
- Malleability is the property of metals that allows them to be beaten into flat sheets. Because of their light weight and strength, aluminium sheets are employed in the manufacture of aircraft. Metals are thus malleable.
- Metals produces a deep or ringing sound when struck with another hard object. Thus, they are sonorous.
- Most of the metals are lustrous, i.e. they are shiny but they can also be polished to have a shiny appearance.
问题5:非金属的物理性质是什么?
回答:
The physical properties of non-metals are-
- Carbon fibres are used in a range of industries, including sports and music equipment, and is the only non-metals that is ductile.
- They are not malleable as they are brittle and break on applying pressure.
- They are not lustrous as they do not have any shiny appearance.
- Non-metals don’t produce a deep ringing sound when they are hit with another material. Thus, they are not sonorous.
- They are also bad conductors of heat and electricity. Notable exception being graphite.