金属和非金属物理性质的例外情况
我们的周围都是由各种元素和化合物组成的。元素的组成产生各种物质。现在,当我们看到这些作为元素的构件被进一步分类为金属和非金属组时。这些元素根据它们的物理和化学性质进行区分。例如,铝是金属,因为它有光泽、有延展性、延展性等。而木材则属于非金属,因为它不显示任何此类特性。
金属是元素周期表中具有某些物理和化学性质的元素,例如有光泽、可延展、导电、与酸反应等。金属以矿石的形式存在于地表下,是无机的。一些金属颗粒也以灰尘的形式存在于大气中。大多数情况下,金属用于制造钢铁、器具、汽车等。
非金属是元素周期表中缺乏金属特性的元素。非金属以固态、液态和气态三种状态存在。以固态存在的非金属本质上是易碎的。因此,它们不具有延展性和延展性。非金属专门用于我们的日常生活活动,用于燃料、治疗、爆炸、化肥等。
金属的物理性质
- 状态:金属在室温下以固态存在,本质上是坚硬的。而汞是唯一在室温下以液态存在的金属。
- 有光泽:金属本质上是有光泽的,这意味着它们有光泽的表面。具有金属光泽的金属用于制作首饰和器皿。
- 高密度:物质的密度是指每单位体积的物质质量(m / v),金属具有高密度。
- 熔点和沸点:所有金属都有不同的熔点和沸点。但一般来说,所有金属都具有高熔点和沸点。
- 延展性:金属具有延展性,这意味着它们可以被打成薄片。
- 延展性:金属具有延展性,这意味着它们可以拉伸成细线,
- 响亮的:金属具有产生声音的特性。当金属在坚硬的表面上撞击时,它们会因振动而产生声音。
- 良导体:金属是热和电的良导体。铜和银是已知最好的导体。然而,汞和铅是不良导体。
Exceptions in Physical Properties of Metals
- Metals are generally hard in nature and exist in solid-state. But metals like sodium and potassium are soft metals that can easily be cut down. Mercury is also an exception as it exists in a liquid state at room temperature.
- Metals have high density. But Lithium is an alkali metal with a low density of 0.53.
- Metals like gold, silver, platinum and copper do not release hydrogen gas when reacted with acids.
- All metals are sonorous in nature except mercury. This means it does not produce sound when struck on a hard surface.
- All metals are malleable except mercury.
- Metals are solid substances that are insoluble in water but sodium and potassium are the metals that react violently with water to form soluble hydroxides.
非金属的物理性质
- 状态:大多数非金属以气态存在。而有些也以固态或液态存在。
- 无光泽:一般非金属不表现出任何光泽或无光泽。
- 熔点和沸点:非金属的熔点和沸点较低。
- 密度:大多数非金属的密度较低。
- 脆性:非金属本质上很脆,这意味着它们可以分解成碎片。它们不具有延展性或延展性。
- 不良导体:非金属是热和电的不良导体。这意味着它们不允许热量或电流通过它们。
Exceptions in Physical Properties of Non-Metals
- Unlike other non-metals, graphite and iodine have metallic lustre or shine.
- Carbon although being non-metal has a high melting point.
- Bromine is found in a liquid state at room temperature just as mercury.
- Iodine is a non-metal with a density of 4.9.
- Diamond is the known hardest material although it is a non-metal.
示例问题
问题1:哪种元素具有更高的电负性金属或非金属?
回答:
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons and form chemical bond. As non metals contains 4-8 electrons on their outer valence shell they are more electronegative in nature.
问题2:哪种金属在室温下以液态存在?
回答:
Mercury (Hg) is a metal that exists in liquid state at room temperature.
问题3:金属与氧气反应会发生什么?
回答:
When metals are reacted with oxygen they produce metal oxide or basic oxide.
Metal + Oxygen ⇢ Metal Oxide (Basic oxide)
问题 4:为什么首饰首选金、银和铂金?
回答:
Gold, silver and platinum because they are lustrous or have metallic shine.
问题 5:钻石是最硬的但仍然是非金属吗?
回答:
Diamond is the hardest material because it does not acquires the of metal like malleability, ductility, good conductor,etc.
问题6:上课铃是金属做的,为什么?
回答:
School bells are made up of metals because metals are sonorous in nature that means they produce sound when striked on a hard surface.