阳离子和阴离子的区别
通过结合金属和非金属形成具有带电物质的化合物。带电物质称为离子。这些带电物质可以带正电或带负电,称为阳离子或阴离子。例如,在氯化钠 (NaCl) 中,Na 作为阳离子 Na +存在,而 Cl 作为阴离子 Cl -存在。因为它们都具有相反的特性,所以它们相互吸引并产生离子连接。
阴离子和阳离子都是离子。它们被彼此吸引,因为它们的电荷是相反的。阴离子排斥另一种阴离子,而阳离子排斥阳离子。在阳离子中,质子数超过电子数,而在阴离子中,电子数超过质子数。
Why do ions conduct electricity?
If a substance has charged particles that are free to move from one location to another, it can conduct electricity. Because their ions are free to travel from place to place, ionic substances conduct electricity when molten (liquid) or in an aqueous solution (dissolved in water). Because their ions are maintained in fixed places and cannot move, ionic substances cannot conduct electricity when solid.
阳离子
Cations are ions with a positive charge. When a metal loses its electrons, they form. They lose one or more electrons but none of their protons. As a result, they have a net positive charge. Calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), and hydrogen (H+) are examples of cations.
阳离子的形成
典型元素中最常见的阳离子是所有价电子都已丢失的阳离子。考虑钠,一种碱金属。在第三主要能级,它有一个价电子。在失去该电子后,钠离子现在具有来自第二个主要能级的电子八位组。具有相同电子构型的原子和不同原子的离子(或两个单独的离子)称为等电子。钠离子和氖原子是等电子的。
阳离子的性质:
- 阳离子通常由金属原子组成,但是正自由基离子,例如铵离子 (NH 4 + ),可以具有多个原子。
- 因为它们的质子比电子多,所以阳离子带正电。结果,阳离子具有电子缺陷。
- 阳离子的离子半径用于确定它们的大小,通常阳离子的半径比它们的母原子小,因为它们的轨道少一个。
- 没有电子的最小阳离子是氢,它比其母原子小得多。
- 在结晶材料中,阴离子占据了大部分晶格空间,而阳离子则填补了空隙。
- 阳离子在气态下具有高反应性,会与阴离子反应生成中性分子。另一方面,阳离子可以以液态和固态存在。
- 阳离子与液态溶剂相互作用产生溶剂化离子,这些离子明显更稳定。
阳离子示例:钠离子
钠原子的电离产生单原子单阳离子钠原子。钠是一种金属,它在键断裂过程中为阴离子提供共享的电子对,使其带正电荷。钠离子的化学式为Na + ,离子半径为0.102 nm。钠离子是体内多种生理功能所必需的,包括调节血液等体液、神经冲动传递、心脏活动和其他代谢功能。
阴离子
Anions are ions with a negative charge. When a non-metal gains electrons, they form. They receive one or more electrons but keep all of their protons. They have a net negative charge as a result. Iodide (I–), chlorine (Cl–), and hydroxide (OH–) are examples of anions.
阴离子的性质:
- 负自由基离子,例如硫酸根离子(SO 4 - ),通常由非金属产生;然而,负自由基离子可以有几个原子。
- 因为阴离子比中子含有更多的电子,所以它们带负电。结果,阴离子有很多电子。
- 离子是通过它们的离子半径来衡量的,而阴离子通常具有更大的半径,因为它们包含更多相互排斥的电子,从而导致比其母原子更大的尺寸。
- 因为阴离子比固体大,它们占据了晶体中的大部分空间。
- 阴离子在气态下具有高反应性,会与阳离子反应生成中性分子。另一方面,阴离子可以以液态和固态存在。
- 阴离子与液态溶剂相互作用产生溶剂化离子,这些离子明显更稳定。阴离子与液态溶剂相互作用产生溶剂化离子,这些离子明显更稳定。
阴离子的形成
非金属原子经常获得电子,直到它们最外层的主要能级达到一个八位字节。除氖外,所有这些阴离子都是等电子的。在产生阴离子的过程中获得的最大电子数在普通条件下是三个。
阴离子示例:氯离子
氯离子是氯原子离子化时产生的双原子单阴离子。氯是一种非金属,在键断裂后会带走共享的电子对,从而产生负电荷。氯离子的化学式为 Cl- ,离子半径为 0.181 nm。氯离子是一种几乎存在于所有体液中的电解质。
阴离子和阳离子之间的区别
Cation | Anion | |
1. | A positive-charged ion or charged particle is referred to as a cation. | An anion is an ion or a charged particle with a negative charge. |
2. | The number of protons in cations is greater than the number of electrons. | The number of electrons in anions is greater than the number of protons. |
3. | Metals, in general, produce cations. | Non – metals, in general, produce anions. |
4. | In electrolysis, cations are drawn to the negatively charged electrode. | In electrolysis, anions are drawn to the positively charged electrode. |
5. | Cations absorb electrons and become neutral atoms or molecules. | Anions usually lose electrons and become neutral atoms or molecules. |
6. | Ionic compounds are formed when cations establish electrostatic or ionic connections with anions. | Ionic compounds are formed when anions establish electrostatic or ionic connections with cations. |
7. | Cations are much smaller than anions. | Anions are often bigger than cations. |
8. | e.g. Na+, Mg+2, etc. | e.g. Cl–, Br–, etc. |
示例问题
问题1:写一个关于离子的简短笔记。
回答:
Compounds with charged species are formed by combining metals and non-metals. The charged species are referred to as ions. These charged species can be either positively or negatively charged, referred to as cation or anion. In sodium chloride (NaCl), for example, Na exists as a cation Na+, while Cl exists as an anion Cl–. Because both of them have charges with opposing characteristics, they are attracted to one another and create an ionic connection.
问题2:阴离子和阳离子都是离子吗?
回答:
Both anions and cations are ions. They are drawn to one other because their electrical charges are opposing. An anion repels another anion, whereas a cation repels a cation. In a cation, the number of protons exceeds the number of electrons, whereas in an anion, the number of electrons exceeds the number of protons.
问题3:什么是离子交换?
回答:
Ion exchange is a water treatment procedure that is typically used for water softening or demineralization, but it is also employed in processes like dealkalization, deionization, denitrification, and disinfection to remove other chemicals from the water.
问题 4:什么时候说两个离子是等电子的?
回答:
Atoms or ions with the same amount of electrons are known as isoelectronic species. The amount of electrons in isoelectronic species would be the same, but the elements would be different. In other terms, isoelectronic species refers to ions and atoms that have the same amount of electrons.
问题5:为什么Ionic化合物在水中导电?
回答:
The movement of charged particles is used to conduct electricity. Ionic compounds contain ions that can flow throughout the solution/molten solid in their molten state or in their aqueous solution form, which aids in the conductivity of electricity.
问题 6:Ionic化合物可溶吗?
回答:
Ionic compounds are not all soluble, and some are soluble more than others. When an ionic chemical dissolves in water, it splits into its individual ions. Water molecules are around the ions. A water molecule possesses a weak positive charge near its hydrogen atoms and a weak negative charge near its oxygen atom, despite being neutral overall. Because the charges of the ions attract water molecules, they surround the ions in the solution.