在[L，R]范围内只有一个未设置位的数字计数

给定两个整数L和R ，任务是计算在[L，R]范围内只有一个未设置位的数字。

例子：

Input: L = 4, R = 9
Output: 2
Explanation:
The binary representation of all numbers in the range [4, 9] are 
4 = (100)₂ 
5 = (101)₂ 
6 = (110)₂ 
7 = (111)₂ 
8 = (1000)₂ 
9 = (1001)₂ 
Out of all the above numbers, only 5 and 6 have exactly one unset bit.
Therefore, the required count is 2.

Input: L = 10, R = 13
Output: 2
Explanation:
The binary representations of all numbers in the range [10, 13] 
10 = (1010)₂ 
11 = (1011)₂ 
12 = (1100)₂ 
13 = (1101)₂ 
Out of all the above numbers, only 11 and 13 have exactly one unset bit. 
Therefore, the required count is 2.

天真的方法：最简单的方法是检查[L，R]范围内的每个数字是否都只有一个未设置的位。对于每个这样的数字，增加计数。遍历整个范围后，打印count的值。

下面是上述方法的实现：

C++

// C++ program for the above approach
#include 
using namespace std;
 
// Function to count numbers in the range
// [l, r] having exactly one unset bit
int count_numbers(int L, int R)
{
    // Stores the required count
    int ans = 0;
 
    // Iterate over the range
    for (int n = L; n <= R; n++) {
 
        // Calculate number of bits
        int no_of_bits = log2(n) + 1;
 
        // Calculate number of set bits
        int no_of_set_bits
            = __builtin_popcount(n);
 
        // If count of unset bits is 1
        if (no_of_bits
                - no_of_set_bits
            == 1) {
 
            // Increment answer
            ans++;
        }
    }
 
    // Return the answer
    return ans;
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int L = 4, R = 9;
 
    // Function Call
    cout << count_numbers(L, R);
 
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program for the above approach
import java.util.*;
class GFG{
 
// Function to count numbers in the range
// [l, r] having exactly one unset bit
static int count_numbers(int L,
                         int R)
{
    // Stores the required count
    int ans = 0;
 
    // Iterate over the range
    for (int n = L; n <= R; n++)
    {
        // Calculate number of bits
        int no_of_bits = (int) (Math.log(n) + 1);
 
        // Calculate number of set bits
        int no_of_set_bits = Integer.bitCount(n);
 
        // If count of unset bits is 1
        if (no_of_bits - no_of_set_bits == 1)
        {
            // Increment answer
            ans++;
        }
    }
 
    // Return the answer
    return ans;
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
    int L = 4, R = 9;
 
    // Function Call
    System.out.print(count_numbers(L, R));
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji

Python3

# Python3 program for the above approach
from math import log2
 
# Function to count numbers in the range
# [l, r] having exactly one unset bit
def count_numbers(L, R):
     
    # Stores the required count
    ans = 0
 
    # Iterate over the range
    for n in range(L, R + 1):
 
        # Calculate number of bits
        no_of_bits = int(log2(n) + 1)
 
        # Calculate number of set bits
        no_of_set_bits = bin(n).count('1')
 
        # If count of unset bits is 1
        if (no_of_bits - no_of_set_bits == 1):
 
            # Increment answer
            ans += 1
 
    # Return the answer
    return ans
 
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
     
    L = 4
    R = 9
 
    # Function call
    print(count_numbers(L, R))
 
# This code is contributed by mohit kumar 29

C#

// C# program for the above approach
using System;
 
class GFG{
 
// Function to count numbers in the range
// [l, r] having exactly one unset bit
static int count_numbers(int L,
                         int R)
{
     
    // Stores the required count
    int ans = 0;
 
    // Iterate over the range
    for(int n = L; n <= R; n++)
    {
         
        // Calculate number of bits
        int no_of_bits = (int)(Math.Log(n) + 1);
 
        // Calculate number of set bits
        int no_of_set_bits = bitCount(n);
 
        // If count of unset bits is 1
        if (no_of_bits - no_of_set_bits == 1)
        {
             
            // Increment answer
            ans++;
        }
    }
 
    // Return the answer
    return ans;
}
 
static int bitCount(long x)
{
    int setBits = 0;
    while (x != 0)
    {
        x = x & (x - 1);
        setBits++;
    }
    return setBits;
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
    int L = 4, R = 9;
 
    // Function call
    Console.Write(count_numbers(L, R));
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by Amit Katiyar

输出：

2

时间复杂度： O(N * Log R)
辅助空间： O(1)

高效的方法：由于最大位数最多为log R，并且该位数的二进制表示形式应恰好包含一个零，因此将[0，log R]中的一个位置固定为未设置的位，然后设置所有其他位并增加计数生成的数字在给定范围内。
请按照以下步骤解决问题：

1. 循环所有未设置位(例如zero_bit)的所有可能位置，范围为[0，log R]
2. 将所有位设置在zero_bit之前。
3. 迭代范围j = zero_bit +1以记录R ，如果所形成的数字在[L，R]范围内，则将其设置在位置j并递增计数。
4. 完成上述步骤后，打印计数。

下面是上述方法的实现：

C++

// C++ program for the above approach
 
#include 
using namespace std;
 
// Function to count numbers in the range
// [L, R] having exactly one unset bit
int count_numbers(int L, int R)
{
    // Stores the count elements
    // having one zero in binary
    int ans = 0;
 
    // Stores the maximum number of
    // bits needed to represent number
    int LogR = log2(R) + 1;
 
    // Loop over for zero bit position
    for (int zero_bit = 0;
         zero_bit < LogR; zero_bit++) {
 
        // Number having zero_bit as unset
        // and remaining bits set
        int cur = 0;
 
        // Sets all bits before zero_bit
        for (int j = 0; j < zero_bit; j++) {
 
            // Set the bit at position j
            cur |= (1LL << j);
        }
 
        for (int j = zero_bit + 1;
             j < LogR; j++) {
 
            // Set the bit position at j
            cur |= (1LL << j);
 
            // If cur is in the range [L, R],
            // then increment ans
            if (cur >= L && cur <= R) {
                ans++;
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Return ans
    return ans;
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    long long L = 4, R = 9;
 
    // Function Call
    cout << count_numbers(L, R);
 
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program for
// the above approach
import java.util.*;
class GFG{
 
// Function to count numbers in the range
// [L, R] having exactly one unset bit
static int count_numbers(int L, int R)
{
  // Stores the count elements
  // having one zero in binary
  int ans = 0;
 
  // Stores the maximum number of
  // bits needed to represent number
  int LogR = (int) (Math.log(R) + 1);
 
  // Loop over for zero bit position
  for (int zero_bit = 0; zero_bit < LogR;
           zero_bit++)
  {
    // Number having zero_bit as unset
    // and remaining bits set
    int cur = 0;
 
    // Sets all bits before zero_bit
    for (int j = 0; j < zero_bit; j++)
    {
      // Set the bit at position j
      cur |= (1L << j);
    }
 
    for (int j = zero_bit + 1;
             j < LogR; j++)
    {
      // Set the bit position at j
      cur |= (1L << j);
 
      // If cur is in the range [L, R],
      // then increment ans
      if (cur >= L && cur <= R)
      {
        ans++;
      }
    }
  }
 
  // Return ans
  return ans;
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
  int L = 4, R = 9;
 
  // Function Call
  System.out.print(count_numbers(L, R));
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by shikhasingrajput

Python3

# Python3 program for
# the above approach
import  math
 
# Function to count numbers in the range
# [L, R] having exactly one unset bit
def count_numbers(L, R):
   
    # Stores the count elements
    # having one zero in binary
    ans = 0;
 
    # Stores the maximum number of
    # bits needed to represent number
    LogR = (int)(math.log(R) + 1);
 
    # Loop over for zero bit position
    for zero_bit in range(LogR):
       
        # Number having zero_bit as unset
        # and remaining bits set
        cur = 0;
 
        # Sets all bits before zero_bit
        for j in range(zero_bit):
           
            # Set the bit at position j
            cur |= (1 << j);
 
        for j in range(zero_bit + 1, LogR):
           
            # Set the bit position at j
            cur |= (1 << j);
 
            # If cur is in the range [L, R],
            # then increment ans
            if (cur >= L and cur <= R):
                ans += 1;
 
    # Return ans
    return ans;
 
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
    L = 4;
    R = 9;
 
    # Function Call
    print(count_numbers(L, R));
 
# This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji

C＃

// C# program for
// the above approach
using System;
 
public class GFG{
 
// Function to count numbers in the range
// [L, R] having exactly one unset bit
static int count_numbers(int L, int R)
{
  // Stores the count elements
  // having one zero in binary
  int ans = 0;
 
  // Stores the maximum number of
  // bits needed to represent number
  int LogR = (int) (Math.Log(R) + 1);
 
  // Loop over for zero bit position
  for (int zero_bit = 0; zero_bit < LogR;
           zero_bit++)
  {
    // Number having zero_bit as unset
    // and remaining bits set
    int cur = 0;
 
    // Sets all bits before zero_bit
    for (int j = 0; j < zero_bit; j++)
    {
      // Set the bit at position j
      cur |= (1 << j);
    }
 
    for (int j = zero_bit + 1;
             j < LogR; j++)
    {
      // Set the bit position at j
      cur |= (1 << j);
 
      // If cur is in the range [L, R],
      // then increment ans
      if (cur >= L && cur <= R)
      {
        ans++;
      }
    }
  }
 
  // Return ans
  return ans;
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
  int L = 4, R = 9;
 
  // Function Call
  Console.Write(count_numbers(L, R));
}
}
 
 
 
// This code contributed by shikhasingrajput

输出：

2

时间复杂度： O((log R) ² )
辅助空间： O(1)