双端队列或双端队列是一种队列,其中可以从前面或后面执行元素的插入和删除。因此,它不遵循FIFO规则(先进先出)。
双端队列的类型
- 输入限制双端队列
在此双端队列中,输入被限制在单端,但允许在两端删除。 - 输出限制双端队列
在此双端队列中,输出限制在单端,但允许在两端插入。
双端队列操作
下面是双端队列的循环数组实现。在圆形数组中,如果数组已满,我们将从头开始。
但是在线性数组实现中,如果数组已满,则无法插入更多元素。在下面的每个操作中,如果阵列已满,则会引发“溢出消息”。
在执行以下操作之前,请执行以下步骤。
- 取大小为n的数组(双端队列)。
- 在第一个位置设置两个指针,并设置
front = -1
和rear = 0
。
1.在前面插入
此操作在前面添加了一个元素。
- 检查前面的位置。
- 如果
front < 1
,则重新初始化front = n-1
(最后一个索引)。
- 否则,将前减1。
- 将新密钥5添加到
array[front]
。
2.在后面插入
此操作在后部增加了一个元素。
- 检查阵列是否已满。
- 如果双端队列已满,请重新初始化
rear = 0
。 - 否则,将后方增加1。
- 将新密钥5添加到
array[rear]
。
3.从前面删除
该操作从前面删除一个元素。
- 检查双端队列是否为空。
- 如果双端队列为空(即
front = -1
),则无法执行删除操作( 下溢条件 )。 - 如果双端队列只有一个元素(即,
front = rear
),则将front = -1
设置front = -1
,rear = -1
。 - 否则,如果front位于末尾(即
front = n - 1
),则将go设置为frontfront = 0
。 - 否则,
front = front + 1
。
4.从后方删除
此操作从背面删除一个元素。
- 检查双端队列是否为空。
- 如果双端队列为空(即
front = -1
),则无法执行删除操作( 下溢条件 )。 - 如果双端队列只有一个元素(即
front = rear
),则设置front = -1
和rear = -1
,否则请执行以下步骤。 - 如果后方位于前部(即
rear = 0
),则将go设置为前部rear = n - 1
。 - 否则,
rear = rear - 1
。
5.检查为空
此操作检查双端队列是否为空。如果front = -1
,则双端队列为空。
6.检查满
此操作检查双端队列是否已满。如果front = 0
且rear = n - 1
或front = rear + 1
,则双端队列已满。
Python,Java,C和C++的双端队列实施
Python
爪哇
C
C +
# Deque implementaion in python
class Deque:
def __init__(self):
self.items = []
def isEmpty(self):
return self.items == []
def addFront(self, item):
self.items.append(item)
def addRear(self, item):
self.items.insert(0, item)
def removeFront(self):
return self.items.pop()
def removeRear(self):
return self.items.pop(0)
def size(self):
return len(self.items)
d = Deque()
print(d.isEmpty())
d.addRear(8)
d.addRear(5)
d.addFront(7)
d.addFront(10)
print(d.size())
print(d.isEmpty())
d.addRear(11)
print(d.removeRear())
print(d.removeFront())
d.addFront(55)
d.addRear(45)
print(d.items)
// Deque implementation in Java
class Deque {
static final int MAX = 100;
int arr[];
int front;
int rear;
int size;
public Deque(int size) {
arr = new int[MAX];
front = -1;
rear = 0;
this.size = size;
}
boolean isFull() {
return ((front == 0 && rear == size - 1) || front == rear + 1);
}
boolean isEmpty() {
return (front == -1);
}
void insertfront(int key) {
if (isFull()) {
System.out.println("Overflow");
return;
}
if (front == -1) {
front = 0;
rear = 0;
}
else if (front == 0)
front = size - 1;
else
front = front - 1;
arr[front] = key;
}
void insertrear(int key) {
if (isFull()) {
System.out.println(" Overflow ");
return;
}
if (front == -1) {
front = 0;
rear = 0;
}
else if (rear == size - 1)
rear = 0;
else
rear = rear + 1;
arr[rear] = key;
}
void deletefront() {
if (isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("Queue Underflow\n");
return;
}
// Deque has only one element
if (front == rear) {
front = -1;
rear = -1;
} else if (front == size - 1)
front = 0;
else
front = front + 1;
}
void deleterear() {
if (isEmpty()) {
System.out.println(" Underflow");
return;
}
if (front == rear) {
front = -1;
rear = -1;
} else if (rear == 0)
rear = size - 1;
else
rear = rear - 1;
}
int getFront() {
if (isEmpty()) {
System.out.println(" Underflow");
return -1;
}
return arr[front];
}
int getRear() {
if (isEmpty() || rear < 0) {
System.out.println(" Underflow\n");
return -1;
}
return arr[rear];
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Deque dq = new Deque(4);
System.out.println("Insert element at rear end : 12 ");
dq.insertrear(12);
System.out.println("insert element at rear end : 14 ");
dq.insertrear(14);
System.out.println("get rear element : " + dq.getRear());
dq.deleterear();
System.out.println("After delete rear element new rear become : " + dq.getRear());
System.out.println("inserting element at front end");
dq.insertfront(13);
System.out.println("get front element: " + dq.getFront());
dq.deletefront();
System.out.println("After delete front element new front become : " + +dq.getFront());
}
}
// Deque implementation in C
#include
#define MAX 10
void addFront(int *, int, int *, int *);
void addRear(int *, int, int *, int *);
int delFront(int *, int *, int *);
int delRear(int *, int *, int *);
void display(int *);
int count(int *);
int main() {
int arr[MAX];
int front, rear, i, n;
front = rear = -1;
for (i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
arr[i] = 0;
addRear(arr, 5, &front, &rear);
addFront(arr, 12, &front, &rear);
addRear(arr, 11, &front, &rear);
addFront(arr, 5, &front, &rear);
addRear(arr, 6, &front, &rear);
addFront(arr, 8, &front, &rear);
printf("\nElements in a deque: ");
display(arr);
i = delFront(arr, &front, &rear);
printf("\nremoved item: %d", i);
printf("\nElements in a deque after deletion: ");
display(arr);
addRear(arr, 16, &front, &rear);
addRear(arr, 7, &front, &rear);
printf("\nElements in a deque after addition: ");
display(arr);
i = delRear(arr, &front, &rear);
printf("\nremoved item: %d", i);
printf("\nElements in a deque after deletion: ");
display(arr);
n = count(arr);
printf("\nTotal number of elements in deque: %d", n);
}
void addFront(int *arr, int item, int *pfront, int *prear) {
int i, k, c;
if (*pfront == 0 && *prear == MAX - 1) {
printf("\nDeque is full.\n");
return;
}
if (*pfront == -1) {
*pfront = *prear = 0;
arr[*pfront] = item;
return;
}
if (*prear != MAX - 1) {
c = count(arr);
k = *prear + 1;
for (i = 1; i <= c; i++) {
arr[k] = arr[k - 1];
k--;
}
arr[k] = item;
*pfront = k;
(*prear)++;
} else {
(*pfront)--;
arr[*pfront] = item;
}
}
void addRear(int *arr, int item, int *pfront, int *prear) {
int i, k;
if (*pfront == 0 && *prear == MAX - 1) {
printf("\nDeque is full.\n");
return;
}
if (*pfront == -1) {
*prear = *pfront = 0;
arr[*prear] = item;
return;
}
if (*prear == MAX - 1) {
k = *pfront - 1;
for (i = *pfront - 1; i < *prear; i++) {
k = i;
if (k == MAX - 1)
arr[k] = 0;
else
arr[k] = arr[i + 1];
}
(*prear)--;
(*pfront)--;
}
(*prear)++;
arr[*prear] = item;
}
int delFront(int *arr, int *pfront, int *prear) {
int item;
if (*pfront == -1) {
printf("\nDeque is empty.\n");
return 0;
}
item = arr[*pfront];
arr[*pfront] = 0;
if (*pfront == *prear)
*pfront = *prear = -1;
else
(*pfront)++;
return item;
}
int delRear(int *arr, int *pfront, int *prear) {
int item;
if (*pfront == -1) {
printf("\nDeque is empty.\n");
return 0;
}
item = arr[*prear];
arr[*prear] = 0;
(*prear)--;
if (*prear == -1)
*pfront = -1;
return item;
}
void display(int *arr) {
int i;
printf("\n front: ");
for (i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
printf(" %d", arr[i]);
printf(" :rear");
}
int count(int *arr) {
int c = 0, i;
for (i = 0; i < MAX; i++) {
if (arr[i] != 0)
c++;
}
return c;
}
// Deque implementation in C++
#include
using namespace std;
#define MAX 10
class Deque {
int arr[MAX];
int front;
int rear;
int size;
public:
Deque(int size) {
front = -1;
rear = 0;
this->size = size;
}
void insertfront(int key);
void insertrear(int key);
void deletefront();
void deleterear();
bool isFull();
bool isEmpty();
int getFront();
int getRear();
};
bool Deque::isFull() {
return ((front == 0 && rear == size - 1) ||
front == rear + 1);
}
bool Deque::isEmpty() {
return (front == -1);
}
void Deque::insertfront(int key) {
if (isFull()) {
cout << "Overflow\n"
<< endl;
return;
}
if (front == -1) {
front = 0;
rear = 0;
}
else if (front == 0)
front = size - 1;
else
front = front - 1;
arr[front] = key;
}
void Deque ::insertrear(int key) {
if (isFull()) {
cout << " Overflow\n " << endl;
return;
}
if (front == -1) {
front = 0;
rear = 0;
}
else if (rear == size - 1)
rear = 0;
else
rear = rear + 1;
arr[rear] = key;
}
void Deque ::deletefront() {
if (isEmpty()) {
cout << "Queue Underflow\n"
<< endl;
return;
}
if (front == rear) {
front = -1;
rear = -1;
} else if (front == size - 1)
front = 0;
else
front = front + 1;
}
void Deque::deleterear() {
if (isEmpty()) {
cout << " Underflow\n"
<< endl;
return;
}
if (front == rear) {
front = -1;
rear = -1;
} else if (rear == 0)
rear = size - 1;
else
rear = rear - 1;
}
int Deque::getFront() {
if (isEmpty()) {
cout << " Underflow\n"
<< endl;
return -1;
}
return arr[front];
}
int Deque::getRear() {
if (isEmpty() || rear < 0) {
cout << " Underflow\n"
<< endl;
return -1;
}
return arr[rear];
}
int main() {
Deque dq(4);
cout << "insert element at rear end \n";
dq.insertrear(5);
dq.insertrear(11);
cout << "rear element: "
<< dq.getRear() << endl;
dq.deleterear();
cout << "after deletion of the rear element, the new rear element: " << dq.getRear() << endl;
cout << "insert element at front end \n";
dq.insertfront(8);
cout << "front element: " << dq.getFront() << endl;
dq.deletefront();
cout << "after deletion of front element new front element: " << dq.getFront() << endl;
}
时间复杂度
所有上述操作的时间复杂度是恒定的,即O(1)
。
双端队列数据结构的应用
- 在对软件的撤消操作中。
- 在浏览器中存储历史记录。
- 用于实现堆栈和队列。