给定一个图形，任务是打印图形的DFS遍历，包括每个步骤，包括回溯。
_0.jpg){kind=tracking}
1st step:- 0 -> 1
2nd step:- 1 -> 5
3rd step:- 5 -> 1 (backtracking step)
4th step:- 1 -> 6...
and so on till all the nodes are visited.
Dfs step-wise(including backtracking) is:
0 1 5 1 6 7 8 7 6 1 0 2 4 2 9 3 10注意：在上面的图表中，刚刚添加了边缘之间的权重，它在DFS遍历中没有任何作用
_1.jpg){kind=tracking}
方法：此处将使用具有回溯功能的DFS。首先，使用DFS同时访问每个节点，并跟踪先前使用的边缘和父节点。如果某个节点的所有相邻节点都已被访问过，则使用上次使用的边缘回溯并打印该节点。继续执行步骤，在每一步，父节点都将成为当前节点。继续上述步骤，找到图形的完整DFS遍历。
下面是上述方法的实现：
C++
// C++ program to print the complete
// DFS-traversal of graph
// using back-tracking
#include
using namespace std;
const int N = 1000;
vector adj[N];
// Function to print the complete DFS-traversal
void dfsUtil(int u, int node, bool visited[],
vector > road_used, int parent,
int it)
{
int c = 0;
// Check if all th node is visited or not
// and count unvisited nodes
for (int i = 0; i < node; i++)
if (visited[i])
c++;
// If all the node is visited return;
if (c == node)
return;
// Mark not visited node as visited
visited[u] = true;
// Track the current edge
road_used.push_back({ parent, u });
// Print the node
cout << u << " ";
// Check for not visited node and proceed with it.
for (int x : adj[u]) {
// call the DFs function if not visited
if (!visited[x])
dfsUtil(x, node, visited, road_used, u, it + 1);
}
// Backtrack through the last
// visited nodes
for (auto y : road_used)
if (y.second == u)
dfsUtil(y.first, node, visited, road_used, u,
it + 1);
}
// Function to call the DFS function
// which prints the DFS-travesal stepwise
void dfs(int node)
{
// Create a array of visited ndoe
bool visited[node];
// Vector to track last visited road
vector > road_used;
// Initialize all the node with false
for (int i = 0; i < node; i++)
visited[i] = false;
// call the function
dfsUtil(0, node, visited, road_used, -1, 0);
}
// Function to insert edges in Graph
void insertEdge(int u, int v)
{
adj[u].push_back(v);
adj[v].push_back(u);
}
// Driver Code
int main()
{
// number of nodes and edges in the graph
int node = 11, edge = 13;
// Function call to create the graph
insertEdge(0, 1);
insertEdge(0, 2);
insertEdge(1, 5);
insertEdge(1, 6);
insertEdge(2, 4);
insertEdge(2, 9);
insertEdge(6, 7);
insertEdge(6, 8);
insertEdge(7, 8);
insertEdge(2, 3);
insertEdge(3, 9);
insertEdge(3, 10);
insertEdge(9, 10);
// Call the function to print
dfs(node);
return 0;
} Java
// Java program to print the complete
// DFS-traversal of graph
// using back-tracking
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
class GFG
{
static int N = 1000;
static ArrayList> adj =
new ArrayList>();
// Function to print the complete DFS-traversal
static void dfsUtil(int u, int node, boolean visited[],
ArrayList> road_used,
int parent, int it)
{
int c = 0;
// Check if all th node is visited or not
// and count unvisited nodes
for (int i = 0; i < node; i++)
if (visited[i])
c++;
// If all the node is visited return;
if (c == node)
return;
// Mark not visited node as visited
visited[u] = true;
// Track the current edge
road_used.add(new ArrayList(Arrays.asList( parent, u )));
// Print the node
System.out.print(u + " ");
// Check for not visited node and proceed with it.
for (int x : adj.get(u))
{
// call the DFs function if not visited
if (!visited[x])
{
dfsUtil(x, node, visited, road_used, u, it + 1);
}
}
// Backtrack through the last
// visited nodes
for(int y = 0; y < road_used.size(); y++)
{
if(road_used.get(y).get(1) == u)
{
dfsUtil(road_used.get(y).get(0), node,
visited,road_used, u, it + 1);
}
}
}
// Function to call the DFS function
// which prints the DFS-travesal stepwise
static void dfs(int node)
{
// Create a array of visited ndoe
boolean[] visited = new boolean[node];
// Vector to track last visited road
ArrayList> road_used =
new ArrayList>();
// Initialize all the node with false
for (int i = 0; i < node; i++)
{
visited[i] = false;
}
// call the function
dfsUtil(0, node, visited, road_used, -1, 0);
}
// Function to insert edges in Graph
static void insertEdge(int u, int v)
{
adj.get(u).add(v);
adj.get(v).add(u);
}
// Driver Code
public static void main (String[] args)
{
// number of nodes and edges in the graph
int node = 11, edge = 13;
for(int i = 0; i < N; i++)
{
adj.add(new ArrayList());
}
// Function call to create the graph
insertEdge(0, 1);
insertEdge(0, 2);
insertEdge(1, 5);
insertEdge(1, 6);
insertEdge(2, 4);
insertEdge(2, 9);
insertEdge(6, 7);
insertEdge(6, 8);
insertEdge(7, 8);
insertEdge(2, 3);
insertEdge(3, 9);
insertEdge(3, 10);
insertEdge(9, 10);
// Call the function to print
dfs(node);
}
}
// This code is contributed by avanitrachhadiya2155 Python3
# Python3 program to print the
# complete DFS-traversal of graph
# using back-tracking
N = 1000
adj = [[] for i in range(N)]
# Function to prthe complete DFS-traversal
def dfsUtil(u, node,visited,
road_used, parent, it):
c = 0
# Check if all th node is visited
# or not and count unvisited nodes
for i in range(node):
if (visited[i]):
c += 1
# If all the node is visited return
if (c == node):
return
# Mark not visited node as visited
visited[u] = True
# Track the current edge
road_used.append([parent, u])
# Print the node
print(u, end = " ")
# Check for not visited node
# and proceed with it.
for x in adj[u]:
# Call the DFs function
# if not visited
if (not visited[x]):
dfsUtil(x, node, visited,
road_used, u, it + 1)
# Backtrack through the last
# visited nodes
for y in road_used:
if (y[1] == u):
dfsUtil(y[0], node, visited,
road_used, u, it + 1)
# Function to call the DFS function
# which prints the DFS-travesal stepwise
def dfs(node):
# Create a array of visited ndoe
visited = [False for i in range(node)]
# Vector to track last visited road
road_used = []
# Initialize all the node with false
for i in range(node):
visited[i] = False
# Call the function
dfsUtil(0, node, visited,
road_used, -1, 0)
# Function to insert edges in Graph
def insertEdge(u, v):
adj[u].append(v)
adj[v].append(u)
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Number of nodes and edges in the graph
node = 11
edge = 13
# Function call to create the graph
insertEdge(0, 1)
insertEdge(0, 2)
insertEdge(1, 5)
insertEdge(1, 6)
insertEdge(2, 4)
insertEdge(2, 9)
insertEdge(6, 7)
insertEdge(6, 8)
insertEdge(7, 8)
insertEdge(2, 3)
insertEdge(3, 9)
insertEdge(3, 10)
insertEdge(9, 10)
# Call the function to print
dfs(node)
# This code is contributed by mohit kumar 29C#
// C# program for the above approach
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
public class GFG {
static int N = 1000;
static List > adj = new List >();
// Function to print the complete DFS-traversal
static void dfsUtil(int u, int node, bool[] visited,
List > road_used,
int parent, int it)
{
int c = 0;
// Check if all th node is visited or not
// and count unvisited nodes
for (int i = 0; i < node; i++)
if (visited[i])
c++;
// If all the node is visited return;
if (c == node)
return;
// Mark not visited node as visited
visited[u] = true;
// Track the current edge
road_used.Add(new List() { parent, u });
// Print the node
Console.Write(u + " ");
// Check for not visited node and proceed with it.
foreach(int x in adj[u])
{
// call the DFs function if not visited
if (!visited[x]) {
dfsUtil(x, node, visited, road_used, u,
it + 1);
}
}
// Backtrack through the last
// visited nodes
for (int y = 0; y < road_used.Count; y++) {
if (road_used[y][1] == u) {
dfsUtil(road_used[y][0], node, visited,
road_used, u, it + 1);
}
}
}
// Function to call the DFS function
// which prints the DFS-travesal stepwise
static void dfs(int node)
{
// Create a array of visited ndoe
bool[] visited = new bool[node];
// Vector to track last visited road
List > road_used = new List >();
// Initialize all the node with false
for (int i = 0; i < node; i++) {
visited[i] = false;
}
// call the function
dfsUtil(0, node, visited, road_used, -1, 0);
}
// Function to insert edges in Graph
static void insertEdge(int u, int v)
{
adj[u].Add(v);
adj[v].Add(u);
}
static public void Main()
{
// number of nodes and edges in the graph
int node = 11;
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
adj.Add(new List());
}
// Function call to create the graph
insertEdge(0, 1);
insertEdge(0, 2);
insertEdge(1, 5);
insertEdge(1, 6);
insertEdge(2, 4);
insertEdge(2, 9);
insertEdge(6, 7);
insertEdge(6, 8);
insertEdge(7, 8);
insertEdge(2, 3);
insertEdge(3, 9);
insertEdge(3, 10);
insertEdge(9, 10);
// Call the function to print
dfs(node);
}
}
// This code is contributed by rag2127 输出：
0 1 5 1 6 7 8 7 6 1 0 2 4 2 9 3 10