📜  最短路径属性(1)

📅  最后修改于: 2023-12-03 15:40:16.836000             🧑  作者: Mango

最短路径属性

在计算机科学中,最短路径是指在图中两个节点之间经过边的最小权值的路径。最短路径算法可应用于网络路由、导航、智能系统等问题中。

最短路径算法主要有以下几种:

Dijkstra算法

Dijkstra算法是寻找带权图中单源点到其余所有顶点的最短路径算法,主要用于路由算法或作为其他图算法的一个子模块。

Dijkstra算法是以起始点为中心向外层层扩展,直到扩展到终点为止。该算法要求图中不存在负权值的边。

以下是一个基于Dijkstra算法的Python代码示例:

def dijkstra(graph: dict, start: str, end: str) -> tuple:
    """Dijkstra算法求最短路径

    Args:
        graph (dict): 图的邻接矩阵
        start (str): 起始点
        end (str): 终点

    Returns:
        tuple: (最短路径长度, 最短路径)
    """
    # 存放未标记结点
    unvisited = {node: float('inf') for node in graph.keys()}
    # 存放已标记结点
    visited = {}
    # 存放路径
    path = {}

    # 起始点到起始点的距离为0
    unvisited[start] = 0

    while unvisited:
        # 找到当前未标记结点中距离起始点最近的结点
        current = min(unvisited, key=unvisited.get)
        # 将该结点标记为已标记结点
        visited[current] = unvisited[current]
        del unvisited[current]

        # 更新与该结点相邻的未标记结点的距离
        for neighbor in graph[current]:
            if neighbor in visited:
                continue
            new_distance = visited[current] + graph[current][neighbor]
            if new_distance < unvisited[neighbor]:
                unvisited[neighbor] = new_distance
                path[neighbor] = current

    # 生成最短路径
    shortest_path = [end]
    node = end
    while node != start:
        if node not in path:
            raise ValueError('Given end node cannot be reached')
        shortest_path.insert(0, path[node])
        node = path[node]

    return visited[end], shortest_path
Floyd算法

Floyd算法是一种基于动态规划的、用于求解任意两点之间的最短路径的算法。Floyd算法通过不断地更新任意两点之间的距离来求解最短路径,具有较高的时间复杂度($O(n^3)$)。

以下是一个基于Floyd算法的Python代码示例:

def floyd(graph: dict, start: str, end: str) -> tuple:
    """Floyd算法求最短路径

    Args:
        graph (dict): 图的邻接矩阵
        start (str): 起始点
        end (str): 终点

    Returns:
        tuple: (最短路径长度, 最短路径)
    """
    nodes = list(graph.keys())
    distance = {node: {n: float('inf') for n in nodes} for node in nodes}
    path = {node: {n: None for n in nodes} for node in nodes}

    for node in nodes:
        for neighbor in graph[node]:
            distance[node][neighbor] = graph[node][neighbor]
            path[node][neighbor] = neighbor

    for middle in nodes:
        for node in nodes:
            for neighbor in nodes:
                new_distance = distance[node][middle] + distance[middle][neighbor]
                if new_distance < distance[node][neighbor]:
                    distance[node][neighbor] = new_distance
                    path[node][neighbor] = path[node][middle]

    shortest_path = [start]
    node = start
    while node != end:
        if not path[node][end]:
            raise ValueError('Given end node cannot be reached')
        shortest_path.append(path[node][end])
        node = path[node][end]

    return distance[start][end], shortest_path
Bellman-Ford算法

Bellman-Ford算法是一种计算图中单源点到其余所有顶点的最短路径的算法,它可以处理存在负权边的情况。

Bellman-Ford算法从任意一点开始,对所有边进行V-1次松弛操作,其中V为顶点数。如果存在从起点可以到达的负环,则算法会退出,因为不存在最短路径。

以下是一个基于Bellman-Ford算法的Python代码示例:

def bellman_ford(graph: dict, start: str, end: str) -> tuple:
    """Bellman-Ford算法求最短路径

    Args:
        graph (dict): 图的邻接矩阵
        start (str): 起始点
        end (str): 终点

    Returns:
        tuple: (最短路径长度, 最短路径)
    """
    nodes = list(graph.keys())
    distance = {node: float('inf') for node in nodes}
    distance[start] = 0
    path = {node: None for node in nodes}

    for _ in range(len(nodes) - 1):
        for node in nodes:
            for neighbor in graph[node]:
                new_distance = distance[node] + graph[node][neighbor]
                if new_distance < distance[neighbor]:
                    distance[neighbor] = new_distance
                    path[neighbor] = node

    for node in nodes:
        for neighbor in graph[node]:
            if distance[node] + graph[node][neighbor] < distance[neighbor]:
                raise ValueError("Graph contains negative weight cycle")

    shortest_path = [end]
    node = end
    while node != start:
        if not path[node]:
            raise ValueError('Given end node cannot be reached')
        shortest_path.insert(0, path[node])
        node = path[node]

    return distance[end], shortest_path
总结

最短路径算法是图论中的重要问题,在实际问题中被广泛应用。本文介绍了三种最短路径算法:Dijkstra算法、Floyd算法和Bellman-Ford算法。除了Dijkstra算法,另外两种算法都可以处理图中存在负权边的情况。根据实际应用场景和计算机性能,可选择适合的算法来求解最短路径问题。