泊松比
当橡皮筋被拉伸时,它会变得相当薄,这是一个熟悉的观察结果。我们在拉伸力方向上利用的应变和应力构成泊松比。此外,它与物体的抗拉强度有关。在拉伸力的方向上,泊松比与横向或横向收缩应变与纵向拉伸应变有关。拉伸变形被认为是正的,压缩变形被认为是负的。
泊松比是横向应变与横向或轴向应变之比的倒数。它是横向膨胀量与轴向压缩量的比率,这些变化的值很小,它以Siméon Poisson命名,用希腊符号“ nu ”表示。
泊松比
Poisson’s ratio is the proportion of a material’s change in width per unit width to its change in length per unit length as a result of strain.
此外,泊松比由负号组成,导致正常材料的比率为正。它也被称为泊松比或泊松系数。此外,小写希腊字母ν,常用来表示比率。
这是应变以其基本形式定义的地方。它是尺寸变化与原始尺寸的比值。对于长度为 L 和宽度为 B 的矩形橡胶截面,下列应变为:
- 横向应变 (ε t ) 定义为,
ε t = -ΔB / B
- 虽然纵向应变 (ε l ) 定义为,
ε l = ΔL / L
这里,Δ是尺寸的变化。
The Poisson’s Ratio formula is as follows:
ν = –εt / εl
where, εt is the lateral or transverse strain, εl is longitudinal or axial strain & ν is the Poisson’s ratio.
The negative sign in the formula gives the positive value of the ratio.
泊松效应
泊松效应是一种材料在垂直于压缩方向的方向上膨胀的现象。泊松比是这种现象的量度。当材料被拉伸而不是被压碎时,它倾向于在横向于拉伸方向的方向上收缩。
不同材料的泊松比值
通过在物体上施加力,可以形成应力和应变关系。
- 它是一个标量和单位少的数量。
- 它对拉伸变形或各向异性材料是积极的。
- 它对压缩变形或等距材料是负的。
即使纵向应变为正,负泊松比也表明材料将在横向上呈现正应变。
The range of its value lies between -1.0 to +0.5. However, the value of Poisson’s ratio for most materials is between 0 and 0.5.
对于塑料,泊松比在 0 到 0.5 的范围内。当泊松比为 0 时,直径不会减小,或者换句话说,当材料被拉长时不会发生横向收缩,但密度会降低。
当材料的直径在伸长过程中下降或材料为弹性体时,0.5 的值意味着材料或物品的体积将保持不变或恒定。
下表显示了各种材料的各种泊松比。 Material Poisson’s Ratio Rubber 0.49 Gold 0.43 Clay 0.37 Copper 0.33 Aluminum 0.32 Cast Iron 0.24 Concrete 0.2 Cork 0
泊松比通常为正,因为大多数常见材料在拉伸时会在相反方向或横向上变窄。大多数材料抵抗由体积模量 K 或也称为 B 定义的体积变化,而不是由剪切模量 G 确定的形状变化。形状变形也会导致原子间连接重新排列。
示例问题
问题 1:导线的纵向应变为 0.02,其泊松比为 0.6。找出导线中的横向应变。
解决方案:
Given:
Longitudinal strain of wire = 0.02
Poisson ratio = 0.6
The Poisson’s Ratio formula is as follows:
ν = lateral strain/longitudinal strain
Substitute the given values to find the lateral strain.
0.6 = Lateral strain / 0.02
Lateral strain = 0.012
Hence, the lateral strain in the wire is 0.012.
问题 2:金属泊松比的最大值和最小值是多少?
解决方案:
The Poisson’s Ratio formula is as follows:
ν = Lateral strain/longitudinal strain
It is always positive because if we apply force in longitudinal strain, lateral strain always decreases for metals. It lies between 0 to 0.5.
问题3:泊松比受温度影响吗?
解决方案:
In general, lower temperatures reduce both horizontal and vertical strain, while higher temperatures increase both horizontal and vertical strain. As a result, the net effect on Poisson’s Ratio is negligible because both horizontal and vertical strain change by the same amount.
问题 4:加载 2.0 m 长的金属线,导致 4 mm 的伸长。如果线材的直径为 1.5 mm,线材的泊松比为 0.24,则求线材在拉长时直径的变化。
解决方案:
Given:
Length of wire, L is 2.0 m.
Change in length, ΔL is 4 mm = 0.004 m
Diameter of wire, D is 1.5 mm.
Poisson’s ratio, ν is 0.24.
The longitudinal strain in the wire is given as:
Longitudinal strain = ΔL/L
= 0.004/2.0
= 0.002
The Poisson’s Ratio formula is as follows:
ν = Lateral strain/longitudinal strain
Substitute the given values to find the lateral strain.
0.24 = lateral strain / 0.002
Lateral strain = 0.00048
The lateral strain in a wire is given as:
Lateral strain = ΔD / D
0.00048 = ΔD / 1.5 mm
ΔD = 0.00072 mm
Hence, the change in diameter of the wire is 0.00072 mm.
问题 5:如果材料的泊松比为零怎么办?
解决方案:
A Poisson’s ratio of 0 indicates that the material does not deform in either the lateral or axial directions in response to the application of force. Cork is an example of a material with a Poisson’s ratio of nearly 0 and no deformation under stress. Cork is applied as a seal in bottle stoppers because it expands and contracts under stress, protecting the substance inside.