半径比规则
物质的三种物理状态是固体、液体和气体。通过改变温度和压力,任何物质状态都可以转变为另一种状态。在较低温度下,最普遍的物质状态是固体。通过将固体的温度提高到其熔点,足够的能量被注入到固体中,以克服分子间的吸引力并使固体熔化并变成液体。当液体被加热到沸腾温度时,它们会蒸发并变成气态。另一方面,当气体冷却并承受高压时,它们可以变成液体,然后可以进一步冷却以产生固体。
因为它们的组成粒子、原子或分子的位置不能被改变,所以固体不能像气体一样被挤压或像液体一样被倾倒。物质的物理状态是由分子间吸引力的相互作用产生的,例如偶极-偶极相互作用、偶极诱导的偶极相互作用、伦敦力、氢键等。
固体的性质
- 大多数药理药物是固体。
- 固定成分的固体具有固定的质量、体积、形状和密度。 [通常,材料的固态密度低于液态和气态。]
- 大多数固体是坚硬的、僵硬的和不可压缩的。
- 分子间的吸引力将固体的组成颗粒牢固地固定在一起。
- 所有纯固体都具有不同的熔点,该熔点由固态中存在的分子间作用力的强度决定。
- 在固态中,组分粒子之间的分子间吸引力大于液相和气相中的。
半径比规则
每种离子化合物的结构由化学计量和离子大小决定。较大的阳离子可以装入立方或八面体孔中。在四面体孔中,可以容纳较小的阳离子。如果我们检查立方紧密堆积形式的阴离子阵列,四面体和八面体孔的直径会有所不同。因此,阳离子只有在有足够空间容纳它们时才会占据空隙。
半径比可用于确定离子是否能够保留阳离子。晶胞的形状也由晶体结构中离子的配位数决定。对于特定的配位数,阳离子半径与阴离子半径之比存在一个极限值,即r + / r - 。如果比率 r + / r -的值小于预测值,则离子结构变得不稳定。
Hence, the radius ratio is defined as the ratio of a smaller ionic radius (cation) to a larger ionic radius (anion), and is given by,
ρ = r+ / r–
where,
- ρ is the radius ratio,
- r+ is the radius of cation, and
- r– is the radius of the anion.
下面给出了 r + / r –的极限值及其配位数。 Coordination Number of cation Limiting value of r+ / r– Type of hole occupied (void) 2 <0.155 Linear 3 0.155 to 0.225 Planar Triangular 4 0.225 to 0.141 Tetrahedral 6 0.414 to 0.732 Octahedral 8 0.732 to 1.000 Cubic 12 >1 Close Packing
例如 B 2 O 3 、ZnS、NaCl、CsCl、MgO、CuCl
一些属性是:
- 半径比规则仅适用于离子物质。
- 如果键是共价键,则规则被打破。
- 该规则可用于预测各种离子固体的结构。
示例问题
问题1:如果固体“X + Y- ”的结构类似于NaCl,阴离子半径为250 pm。然后,找到结构中阳离子的理想半径。另外,请说明您的理由,是否可以在结构的四面体位置(X + Y – )中安装半径为 180 pm 的阳离子 Z + ?
解决方案:
Given that,
Structure X+Y–
Radius of anion = 250 pm = 2.5 A° [1 picometer = 0.01A°]
Limiting ratio = 0.414 [refer to the above table]
If the X+Y– structure is comparable to that of the Na+Cl– ion, then six Cl– ions will surround the Na+ and vice versa.
Thus, octahedral void is occupied.
Radius ration ρ = r+ / r–
r+ = 0.414 × 2.5
= 1.035 A°
Now, the limiting ratio for tetrahedral site is 0.225 [refer to table]
As a result, r+ / r– = 0.225
r+ = 0.225 × 2.5
= 0.5625 A° or 56.25 pm
Thus, for a tetrahedral site, the optimum radius for the cation in the given structure is 56.25 pm.
We know that the radius of Z+ is 180 pm. This implies that Z+‘s radius is substantially bigger than 56.25 pm.
Thus, cation Z+ cannot be accommodated in a tetrahedral location.
问题2:如果r cs + = 1.69 A°和r Cl - = 1.81A°,预测Cs +离子的配位数和CsCl的结构
解决方案:
Given that:
rcs+ = 1.69 A°
rCl– = 1.81A°
Calculation:
Radius ration ρ = r+ / r–
= 1.69 / 1.81
= 0.9337 A°
As 0.9337 > 0.732, hence the coordination number is 8 and geometry of CsCl is cubic.
问题3:如果r Na + = 0.95 A°和r Cl - = 1.81A°,预测Na +离子的配位数和NaCl晶体的结构
解决方案:
Given that:
rNa+ =0.95A°
rCl– = 1.81A°
Radius ration ρ = r+ / r–
= 0.95 / 1.81
= 0.5248 A°
As 0.5248 lies between (0.414 to 0.732), hence the coordination number is 6 and geometry of NaCl is Octahedral.
问题 4:在硅酸盐中,氧原子形成四面体空隙。四面体空隙的极限半径比为 0.22。氧化物的半径为 1.4 Å。找出阳离子的半径。
解决方案:
Given that:
Radius of oxide (r−) = 1.4 Å
Radius ratio = 0.22
Radius ratio = r+ / r–
0.22 = r+ / 1.4
r+ = 0.22 × 1.4
r+ = 0.308 Å
问题5:如果阳离子的半径是96 pm,而阴离子的半径是618 pm。确定晶格的配位数和结构。
解决方案:
Given that:
Radius of cation (r+) = 96 pm
Radius of anion (r−) = 618 pm
Radius ratio = r+ / r–
= 96 / 618
= 0.1553
Since the radius ratio lies in between the range 0.155 to 0.225.
The coordination number of crystal is 3 And the structure of crystal lattice is Trigonal planar.
问题6:Br -离子形成密排结构。如果 Br -离子的半径是 195 pm。计算刚好适合四面体孔的阳离子的半径。半径为 82 pm 的阳离子 A +能否滑入晶体 A + Br –的八面体孔中?
解决方案:
Given that:
Radius of anion (Br–)(r–) = 195 pm
Radius of cation (A) (r+) = 82 pm
Here we have to find the radius of the cation that just fits into the tetrahedral hole and determine whether the cation A+ having a radius of 82 pm can be slipped into the octahedral hole of the crystal
Limiting value for r+ /r– for tetrahedral hole is 0.225 – 0.414
So, Radius of the tetrahedral hole = Radius ratio × r–
= 0.225 × 195
= 43.875 pm
For cation A+ with radius = 82 pm
Radius ratio = r+/r–
= 82 / 195
= 0.4205
As it lies in the range 0.414 – 0.732, hence the cation A+ can be slipped into the octahedral hole of the crystal A+Br−.
问题7:根据半径比确定MgS的结构和配位数,其中Mg2+和S2-的半径分别为65 pm和184 pm。
解决方案:
Given that:
Radius of cation Mg2+ (r+) = 65 pm
Radius of anion S2− (r–) = 184 pm
Radius ratio = r+ /r–
= 65 / 184
= 0.3533
Since the radius ratio lies in between 0.225 – 0.414 the coordination number of MgS is 4 and the structure of MgS is Tetrahedral.
问题 8:固体 AB 具有 ZnS 型结构。如果阳离子半径为 50 pm,计算阴离子半径 B –的最大可能值。
解决方案:
Given that:
Radius of cation (r+) = 50 pm
Radius ratio = r+ /r–
ZnS has tetrahedral arrangement.
The range of r+/r– for stable four fold coordination is 0.225 to 0.414
Hence the radius of anion can be calculated by
taking r+ / r– = 0.225
∴ r– = r+ / 0.225
= 50 / 0.225
= 222.22 pm