矿产和能源资源

矿物质是地球上天然存在的化合物。矿物通常是固体、无机的，并具有晶体结构。它们是地质过程的结果自然发生。矿物可能由单一化学元素组成，或者更常见的是多种元素的混合物。矿物和能源资源的产生方式和用途非常不同。

矿物的形成受物理和化学环境的影响，导致特定矿物的色调、硬度、晶体形成、光泽和密度范围广泛。矿物质是我们生活中必不可少的元素；几乎所有东西都是用矿物建造的，例如高大的结构或大船。机器是由矿物构成的，就像铁路线和道路铺路一样。

矿物的产生方式

正如我们所研究的矿物通常存在于矿石中，这个术语矿石用于描述任何矿物与其他元素混合的积累。任何矿物与其他成分结合的聚集体称为矿石。

发现以下矿物：

• 矿物可以在变质岩和火成岩的裂缝、裂隙和节理中找到。他们根据浓度分为两组。静脉是较小的，而矿脉是较大的。处于熔融/液体状态的矿物通过地球的孔洞向上驱动以产生它们。当它们凝固时，它们会硬化成坚硬的矿物质。
• 锌、铜、铅和其他金属就是此类的例子。
• 在沉积岩的床层或地层中可以发现多种矿物。水平地层的沉积、堆积和集中导致了它们的形成。
• 这就是煤炭和各种铁矿石的产生方式。蒸发形成一类沉积岩，例如石膏、钾盐和钠盐，特别是在干燥气候中。 风化作用会产生铝土矿等矿物质。地表岩石被分解并去除可溶性元素，留下大量残留物。
• 水不会侵蚀位于谷底和山脚下的冲积矿床等矿物质。这就是发现金、银和铂的方式。
• 在海底可以发现大量的镁结核。
• 矿物分布高度不对称：

1. Minerals in the Deccan: The peninsular rock contains the majority of the deposits of coal, metallic minerals, mica, and many other non-metallic minerals.
2. Minerals in India’s western and eastern regions: The majority of India’s petroleum resources are found in sedimentary rocks in the western and eastern regions, namely Gujarat and Assam.
3. Minerals in Rajasthan: Rajasthan, with its peninsular rock structure, contains deposits of various non-ferrous minerals. 

矿物种类

金属矿物

金属矿物有光泽，由金属组成。这些矿物可以被开采并用作可能的金属供应。金属矿物包括： 金属矿物包括锰、铁矿石和铝土矿，可分为黑色金属和有色金属。有色金属不含铁，而黑色金属有。

• 黑色矿物：黑色矿物是具有磁性的矿物，因为它们包含氢氧化物、碳酸盐或硫化物形式的铁。
  这些矿物对于一个国家的冶金部门蓬勃发展至关重要。
  例子包括赤铁矿、磁铁矿、锰和其他铁矿。
• 有色金属：有色金属是不含铁的有色合金或金属。其他有色金属元素是有色金属，除了铁 (Fe)，它通常在拉丁词 ferrum 之后被称为铁素体，意思是“铁”。有色金属比黑色金属更昂贵，但它们具有理想的特性，例如重量轻（铝）、高导电性（铜）、非磁性和耐腐蚀（锌）。
  用于钢铁工业的有色金属材料是铝土矿，在高炉中用作熔剂。

非金属矿物

它们的化学成分不含任何可萃取金属。非金属矿物包括石灰石、石膏和云母。铝土矿主要存在于磨损的岩石中。铁矿石被转化为铁金属，永远不会以最纯净的形式出现，必须通过去除杂质从铁矿石中提取。
非金属矿物包括沙子、砾石、石灰石、粘土和大理石。这些材料缺乏许多企业所要求的金属特性，如良好的导电和导热性、亮度、严密性和延展性。水泥、陶瓷、玻璃和石灰的生产是一些常见用途。

能源资源

日常生活的每一项活动都需要能源，无论是烹饪、提供光和热、推动车辆和驱动工业机械。用于为工业提供动力的资源称为能源。

能源资源分类

常规能源：木柴、牛粪、煤和石油、天然气和水电和热电等常规能源已被长期使用。

• Coal: The breakdown of dead plants produces coal, an ignitable sedimentary rock. Carbon makes up the majority of coal, with traces of hydrogen, Sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen thrown in for good measure.Deep burial’s heat and pressure convert dead plant elements into peat, which is eventually transformed into coal over millions of years.
  Coal is utilised in the production of iron and steel, as well as other industrial operations. Coal is widely used as an energy source. Following the invention of the steam engine, the use of coal increased dramatically. In 2020, coal accounted for roughly a quarter of the world’s primary energy and more than a third of its electricity.
• Petroleum: Petroleum, commonly known as crude oil, is a naturally occurring fuel that is extracted and transformed into a variety of petroleum-based fuels. Fractional distillation is used to separate the different components of a petroleum mixture. Gasoline, propane, kerosene, tar, and other items are made from petroleum. Aside from carbon, oil contains a number of other molecules, and refining the oil eliminates some of these substances. We use oil for a multitude of things. Half of the world’s petroleum is used to make gasoline.
• Natural Gas: Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas mostly composed of methane, with trace quantities of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphides, and helium. Natural gas is a nonrenewable gaseous resource that, like crude oil deposits, can be discovered beneath the earth’s crust. Natural gas is mostly composed of methane, although it can also contain propane, ethane, and butane. Because methane has no odor, it is mixed with a chemical to make it smell so that a leak may be spotted.
• Electricity: Electric energy can be renewable or non-renewable, depending on the resource utilised to create it. Electricity, like oil from the ground, is not a naturally occurring energy phenomenon; it must be created and refined in power plants using other energy sources. Power is frequently created by processing plants that burn fossil fuels and “create” power in exchange for the fuel used. The turbines that generate electricity are fueled by non-renewable, limited energy sources such as coal, oil, or gasoline. Electricity may be generated via solar, wind, or geothermal energy. These infinite powers can be replenished at any time. 

非常规能源：这些能源最近得到大量使用，例如风能、太阳能、潮汐能、地热能、原子能和沼气能。这些类型的资源可以免费获得，并且可以用尽和可再生。

Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy is a type of renewable energy that comes from the Earth’s core. The heat generated during the planet’s formation, as well as radioactive decay of components, are to blame. The temperature difference between the earth’s core and its surface encourages thermal energy to flow continuously from the core to the planet’s surface. Wells excavated a mile down into underground reservoirs to acquire steam and hot water, which is then used to drive turbines coupled to power generators, are used to create electricity from geothermal energy. 

Tidal Energy: The gravitational forces of the sun and moon, together with the earth’s rotation, cause sea levels to rise and fall in cycles. It frequently occurs twice in one spot on a lunar day. When the water level rises, it is called “high tide,” and when it falls, it is called “low tide.” The natural rise and fall of tides, which is driven by the gravitational interaction of the Earth, sun, and moon, produces tidal energy.
Tidal energy may be converted into useable forms of energy, such as electricity, by placing appropriately built generators in strategic locations. 

Wind Energy: Wind energy is the process of harnessing the wind to generate electricity. The turbine’s output increases as the wind speed increases, until it reaches its maximum capacity. Wind farms require wind that is strong and steady. The most of these species may be found at high altitudes. Wind turbines work by rotating blades against the wind to create electricity. Commercial wind turbines capture rotational energy and use it to power a generator to generate electricity. Wind power is a type of energy conversion in which turbines transform kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical or electrical energy.

Solar Energy: Solar energy is absorbed in sun plants, which convert it directly into electrical energy. Photosynthesis is responsible for the conversion of solar energy. It is the most important non-conventional energy source since it is non-polluting, ecologically friendly, and abundant. In terms of climate, India is classified as a tropical country. It has a great deal of potential for capturing solar energy. It is used for a variety of purposes, including generating energy (through photovoltaic panels) and supplying heat. It is rapidly gaining popularity as a fuel source in rural and remote places, reducing people’s dependency on firewood and drug cakes. Solar cells are made from metal and semiconductors, or two semiconductors. 

示例问题

问题 1：定义矿物矿石和化石燃料？

回答：

• Mineral Ore is the raw metal which is  extracted from and it is found mixed with soil and impurities .
• Fossil fuels: Fuels which are formed by the decomposition of organism under the Earth or seabed is termed as Fossil fuels .

问题2：矿石是什么意思，并命名任何两种铁矿石？

回答：

A naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be extracted profitably is termed as an Ore.

Two Iron Ores are Magnetite and Hematite.

问题3：说明印度不同地区含有不同矿物的原因？

回答：

 India has contains different types of minerals in different region because of the difference in the geological structure , processes and time involved in the formation.

问题 4：沼气如何帮助印度克服能源危机？

回答：

• It creates a more efficient gas than charcoal or kerosene in terms of thermal efficiency.
• It creates a method for maximizing the use of animal and plant waste.
• It generates enhanced organic manure that may be used to augment or even completely replace artificial fertilizers. 

问题5：解释热电？

回答：

Petroleum, coal, and natural gas are used to produce it. Its sources are non-renewable or exhaustible, such as coal and petroleum. Coal and oil combustion emit a great deal of pollutants. In the long term, it is costly. This electricity-generating thermal plant can be built anywhere.