常规能源

来自化石燃料的能源，如煤炭、石油、天然气、核材料、太阳能和风能，是电力的主要来源。能源是经济进步的必要组成部分。风、太阳光线和流水用于发电，而煤炭、石油和天然气则直接用于机动车辆和设备。煤炭、石油、天然气和其他燃料矿物可用于产生能源。

资源是我们周围可以访问的任何东西，可以用来满足我们的要求。它必须在技术上可行、经济上可行且文化上可接受。只有这样，它才能被称为“资源”。矿产、森林、化石燃料和其他自然资源就是例子。能源资源是用于产生电力或能源以运行工业的任何资源。我们将讨论两种能源资源：

1) 传统能源 2) 非传统能源

非常规能源

它与源自有限化石资源的能量截然相反。这些是可再生能源。可再生资源是一种自然资源，可通过自然繁殖或重复过程在人类时间尺度上的规定时间跨度内恢复耗尽或使用的资源。

非传统或可再生能源的例子有太阳能、风能、生物质能、地热能和水（水力）。

• Solar Energy:  Solar energy is utilized to create electricity in a certain method. It is a renewable energy source that is received straight from the Sun and will never be depleted. It is an example of sustainable energy that helps to lower power bills while also reducing carbon footprints. As a tropical country, India has a lot of potential for this type of energy, and the country is working hard to make the most of it.
• Wind Energy: Wind power, often known as wind energy, is a method of using wind to give mechanical power to electric generators via wind turbines, allowing them to perform tasks such as milling and pumping.
• Geo-Thermal Energy:  Geothermal energy is the energy that is produced from the thermal energy that is stored in the ground. The thermal energy of the Earth is conserved. Hot springs and volcanoes collect thermal energy, which is then used by industry to heat water and for other uses. Wells excavated a mile down into underground reservoirs to acquire steam and hot water, which is then used to drive turbines coupled to power generators, are used to create electricity from geothermal energy. 
• Tidal  Energy: With the aid of modern technology, power is created by turning the energy of the tides into electricity and other forms of energy. The tides are used to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy in a variety of ways. India also has a lot of potential for this type of energy because it is surrounded on three sides by water. 

常规能源

传统能源或不可再生能源是有限的资源，会随着时间的推移而耗尽。不可再生能源被定义为不能以足够的速度自我再生以允许在人类时间尺度上进行长期经济开采的能源。煤、原油、天然气和铀是不可再生能源的例子。

与可再生能源不同，不可再生能源需要人工干预才能使用。化石燃料主要由碳组成。化石燃料被认为起源于大约 3 亿年前，当时地球表面看起来大不相同。

一些常规能源是煤炭、石油、天然气等。

煤炭

煤是一种可燃的黑色或棕黑色沉积岩，出现在煤层中。深埋的热量和压力将死去的植物材料变成泥炭，经过数百万年最终变成煤。煤炭用于制造钢铁以及其他工业过程。煤炭在很大程度上被用作能源。引入蒸汽机后，煤炭使用量激增。到 2020 年，煤炭占世界一次能源的近四分之一和三分之一以上的电力。

在印度，煤炭是最广泛使用的化石燃料。它满足了该国更大比例的能源需求。煤是一种重物质，在分解成灰烬时会减轻重量。因此，大型工业和火力发电厂都建在煤田上或附近。

根据其形成过程中的压缩程度，深度和埋藏时间，有几种类型的煤：

•  Peat : It is created by the decomposition of plants in marshes. It has a high moisture content, low carbon content, and limited heating capability.
•  Lignite :It is a low-quality brown coal. It has a high moisture content and is soft. It is used to generate power. Neyveli in Tamil Nadu has significant lignite deposits.
•  Bituminous: This is the most often used coal in industry. The use of high-grade bituminous coal in metallurgy is suitable. It’s particularly useful for melting iron in blast furnaces. It can only be found at deeper depths.
•  Anthracite: The highest grade of hard coal. Anthracite is found in areas of the world where massive earth movements, such as the building of mountain ranges, have occurred.
• The Appalachian Mountains, located in the eastern United States, are abundant in anthracite. 

石油

原油，俗称石油，是唯一可以以液体形式提取的不可再生资源。它位于地壳层之间或岩石之间，通过在地下或海底挖一口垂直井来提取。然后将原油泵送到地面，在炼油厂加工，并用于制造各种商品。它用于制造汽车用汽油和柴油，以及塑料、取暖油、丙烷和喷气燃料，以及人造食品口味。

除碳外，油还包括多种化合物，精炼油可去除其中一些化学物质。我们将石油用于各种目的。世界上一半的石油用于转化为汽油，其余的可以加工和用于液体产品，如指甲油和外用酒精，以及固体产品，如水管、鞋子、蜡笔、屋顶、维生素胶囊和各种其他事情。

天然气

天然气是一种不可再生的气态资源，可以在地壳下与原油储量一起发现。天然气主要由甲烷组成，但也可以包括丙烷、乙烷和丁烷。甲烷是无味的，因此它与一种特定的化学物质混合以使其具有气味，因此如果有泄漏，它可能会被检测到。天然气被提取并输送到加工厂，在那里去除用作液化石油气的丙烷和丁烷。

天然气用于燃气烤箱、火炉和烤架，以及供暖房。天然气是比石油或煤炭“更清洁”的化石燃料，而且可以以低成本获得。当天然气燃烧时，只会产生二氧化碳和水蒸气（与人们呼出的气体相同！）。这是比煤炭更好的替代品。

另一方面，天然气开采可能会对环境产生重大影响。岩石中的裂缝会产生小型地震，地下注入的高压水和化学物质有可能污染附近的水源。

电

根据用于产生电能的资源，电能可以是可再生的或不可再生的。电力，就像来自地球的石油一样，不是一种自然发生的能源现象。它必须在使用其他能源的发电厂中制造和净化。电力通常由燃烧化石燃料的加工设施产生，并“创造”电力以换取所消耗的燃料。发电涡轮机由不可再生、受限制的能源提供动力，例如煤、石油或汽油。太阳能、风能和地热能都可以用来发电。这些用之不竭的力量是不断补充的。

电力可以通过两种方式产生

•  Thermal electricity is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, and others, which provides energy to power turbines.
• Thermal power plants generate energy using non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels.
•  Hydroelectricity is produced by the movement of water.
• This energy is pollution-free and is widely used in India through multi-purpose projects such as Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley, and the Kopili Hydropower Project, among others. 

示例问题

问题 1：解释煤炭在印度的分布情况。

回答：

Coal is found in India in two geological periods, namely Gondwanan, which is around 200 million years old, and tertiary deposits, which are just about 55 million years old. The Damodar valley (west Bengal, Jharkhand) is home to the significant success of Gondwanan coal, which is metallurgical coal. The main coal fields include Jharia, Raniganj, and Bokaro. Coal resources may be found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son, and Wardha valleys.

问题2：你能想到铝的以下三种用途中的哪一种？

回答：

•  Because it is a good heat conductor, it is utilised to make pots and pans.
•  Aluminum is used to manufacture electrical cables because it conducts electricity well.
•  Cans for various drinks and other liquids are also made of aluminium.
• Aluminum is a lightweight and robust material.  It’s found in a lot of planes and spacecraft. Mixing it with other metals to generate significant alloys can make it even stronger.  

问题3：冈瓦南煤田和第三纪煤田有什么区别？

回答：

Gondwana  coalfields	Tertiary Coalfields
These mines are India’s primary coal producers.	These mines are India’s small coal producers.
More than 200 million years have passed since they were formed.	Only 55 million years have passed since they were formed.
These provide high-quality coal.	These generate coal of inferior grade.
Gondwana coals may be found in the Damodar, Godavari, Mahanadi, and Wardha valleys.	Tertiary coals may be found in Meghalaya’s north-eastern region, as well as Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland.

问题4：使用沼气作为能源有什么好处？

回答：

•  In rural regions, shrubs, farm trash, animal and human waste are utilised to make biogas for household consumption.
•  The decomposition of organic waste produces gas, which has a better thermal efficiency than kerosene, dung cake, and charcoal.
•  The Gobar gas plants give a double advantage to farmers in the shape of energy and enhanced manure quality.
•  Biogas is a renewable energy source. 

问题 5：矿物质是我们日常生活中必不可少的元素。你如何证明这一说法的合理性？

回答：

矿物是我们生存的重要元素，原因如下：

• Almost everything we use in our everyday lives, from a little pin to a tall structure or a large ship, is comprised of minerals.
• The railway lines and road pavement, as well as machinery, implements, and tools constructed of minerals.
• Our diet contains a variety of minerals that are necessary for our bodies. They are taken up by the body.