矿物分类

矿物质是天然存在于土壤中的无机化学物质，也是健康生活所必需的膳食成分。它们具有组织良好的内部结构、结晶形式和独特的化学成分。出于多种原因，它们是人类健康所必需的，包括免疫系统函数、骨骼、大脑、心脏和肌肉函数、激素产生、葡萄糖控制和神经系统信号传输。它们与其他营养素协同作用，帮助我们更快地完成日常工作，更有效地利用其他营养素，它们可能存在于陶器、珠宝和化妆品等日常用品中。地球上大约有 2,000 种已知元素，尽管这一统计数据存在争议，因为有些人认为数量更多，而另一些人则认为由于研究问题而数量较少。

矿物质分为三种：

• 金属矿物
• 非金属矿物
• 能源矿产

非金属矿物

非金属矿物包括石灰石、云母、煤、石膏、白云石、磷酸盐、盐、锰、花岗岩等。它们用于各种行业以生产各种商品。它们最常见于沉积岩中，由矿物、生物遗骸、岩石颗粒等各种成分的聚集形成。非金属是在提取金属时很少用作原料的矿物（非金属矿物）。非金属存在于多种矿物中，具有重要的商业意义。金属矿物没有光泽或微光。非金属矿物是良好的电绝缘体和热绝缘体。

Mica: Mica is found in the form of plates or leaves that may be separated into thin sheets. Because of its dielectric strength, low power loss factor, insulating qualities, and resistance to high voltage, it is employed in the electrical and electronics sectors. Mica comes in a variety of colours, including clear, black, green, red, yellow, and brown. Its deposits are mostly found in the Chota Nagpur plateau’s northern border.

Jharkhand’s Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt is the largest producer of mica. Ajmer (Rajasthan) and Nellore (Andhra Pradesh) are two other Mica-producing states. 

Limestone: Limestone is a rock mineral that may be found in sedimentary rocks. It’s made up of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates.  Limestone is used to process iron ore in steel companies’ blast furnaces and is the primary raw material used in cement production. Rajasthan has the highest proportion of limestone production in India, accounting for 21% in 2016-2017. 

金属矿物

这些是含有一种或多种金属的矿物质。铁、铜、金、铝土矿和锰是矿物的例子，它们以矿床的形式出现，是热和电的重要导体。它们具有延展性和延展性，可以很容易地将它们锤打成薄片或拉伸成金属丝以形成新的东西。

它们最常见于由于熔岩或岩浆的冷却和凝固而形成的火成岩中。某些金属矿物可以用作珠宝中的宝石，因为它们通常很硬并且具有耀眼的表面。由于各种原因，它们还被用于一系列行业，例如从石英中获得的硅被广泛用于计算机行业，而从铝土矿获得的铝被用于汽车和装瓶行业。它非常珍贵，因为我们收到了最纯净的金属。

金属矿物有两种：

• 黑色金属
• 有色矿物

黑色金属

黑色矿物是那些具有磁性的矿物，因为铁以氢氧化物、碳酸盐或硫化物的形式存在。这些矿物对于一个国家的冶金部门蓬勃发展至关重要。例子包括赤铁矿、磁铁矿、锰和其他铁矿。印度出口大量黑色金属。这些矿物为冶金业务的扩张奠定了坚实的基础。这些矿产占金属矿产总产值的近四分之三。

Iron Ore: They are rocks and minerals that are mined for metallic iron on a commercial scale. Iron oxides are abundant in ores, ranging in hue from dark grey to bright yellow to deep purple to rusty red. Iron minerals include magnetite, hematite, goethite, limonite, and siderite. Natural ore, often known as “straight shipping ore,” is ore that has a high concentration of hematite or magnetite (greater than about 60% iron) and may be fed directly into blast furnaces to create iron. Iron ore is needed as a raw material to generate pig iron, which is a primary raw material used to make steel—steel accounts for 98 percent of all mined iron ore. 

Manganese: The most important manganese ores are the oxides pyrolusite,romanechite,manganite, and hausmannite, as well as the carbonate mineral rhodochrosite. The oxides are commonly found with silicate ores such as rhodizite and braunite. Only ores with a manganese concentration more than 35% are considered economically feasible. Manganese removes oxygen and Sulphur during the transformation of iron ore (an iron and oxygen combination) into iron. It’s also a crucial alloy in the conversion of iron to steel. It makes steel less brittle and strengthens it as an alloy. It is used to make insecticides, bleaching powder, and paints, among other things. Madhya Pradesh has the biggest share of manganese output in India in 2016-2017, accounting for 27 percent. 

有色矿物

有色金属是不含铁的合金或金属。其他有色金属元素是有色金属，除了铁 (Fe)，它通常在拉丁词 ferrum 之后被称为铁素体，意思是“铁”。有色金属比黑色金属更昂贵，但它们具有理想的属性，包括重量轻（铝）、高导电性（铜）、非磁性和耐腐蚀性（锌）。用于钢铁工业的有色金属材料是铝土矿，在高炉中用作熔剂。有色金属如铬铁矿、软锰矿和黑钨矿也可用于制造铁合金。另一方面，许多有色金属具有低熔点，因此不适合高温应用。

Copper: Copper is primarily produced commercially by smelting or leaching, with electrodeposition from sulphides solutions frequently following. The majority of the copper produced is utilised in the electrical sector; the remainder is combined with other metals to form alloys. Brasses (copper and zinc), bronzes (copper and tin), and nickel silvers are all key alloy series in which copper plays a significant role (copper, zinc, and nickel, no silver).The main copper producers in India include the Khetri mines in Rajasthan, the Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, and the Singhbhum region of Jharkhand. 

Bauxite: In the tropical zone, surface weathering of clay rocks creates bauxite, which is made of aluminium oxide. It is the only ore used for commercial aluminium extraction and contains 15–25 percent aluminium. Bauxite is commonly found at the surface, where it is mixed with clay minerals, iron oxide, and titanium dioxide. Bauxite is the primary source of aluminium used in the production of building cement. Aluminum is used in a wide range of applications, including transportation, consumer durables, packaging, electrical, mechanical, and refractory bricks, as well as abrasives. Aluminium is well-known for its low weight and strength. It is commonly used in the manufacture of cutlery, electrical devices, and other items. Madhya Pradesh’s main bauxite deposit locations include the Amarkantak plateau, the Maikal hills, and the Bilaspur-Katni plateau region. Odisha is India’s largest bauxite producer, accounting for 49 percent of total production. 

能源矿产

几乎所有的活动，从烹饪到提供光和热、运输和机器，都依赖于能源。柴火、牛粪饼、煤、石油、天然气和电力是传统能源的例子，而风能、潮汐能、地热能、沼气和原子能是非常规能源的例子。

非常规能源

从有限的化石燃料中获得的能量与此截然相反。这些是可再生的能源生产资源。
可再生资源是一种自然资源，它在人类时间尺度上的特定时间段内通过自然繁殖或通过重复过程来补充耗尽或耗尽的资源。

Nuclear energy: Nuclear energy is the amount of energy contained in the nucleus of an atom. An atom is a microscopic particle that makes up all matter in the universe. Nuclear energy is released by nuclear processes such as fission and fusion. Nuclear energy is one of the most environmentally friendly conventional kinds of energy when compared to sources such as coal power plants since it produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions during the creation of electricity. Nuclear energy, on the other hand, releases a substantial amount of radiation into the environment in the case of an accident. 

Biogas energy: Biogas is a naturally occurring gas created by anaerobic bacteria from the breakdown of organic waste that is used to generate electricity. Methane, carbon dioxide, a trace amount of hydrogen sulphides, and moisture make up biogas. Biogas is distinct from natural gas in that it is a renewable energy source generated biologically through anaerobic digestion, rather than a fossil fuel produced through geological processes. 

传统能源

来自传统能源或不可再生能源的能源是有限的资源，最终会耗尽。
不可再生能源被定义为不能以足够快的速度再生以允许在人类时间范围内进行长期经济提取的能源。不可再生能源包括煤、原油、天然气和铀。

Coal: Coal is a flammable black or brownish-black sedimentary rock found in seams that is combustible. Deep burial heat and pressure convert dead plant materials to peat, which is then transformed into coal over millions of years. Coal is utilised in the production of iron and steel, as well as in a variety of other industrial operations. Coal is widely used as an energy source. Following the invention of the steam engine, the need for coal increased dramatically.
In 2020, coal provided about a quarter of the world’s primary energy and over a third of its electricity. Coal is the most readily available fossil fuel in India. It provides a greater part of the country’s energy needs. Coal is a heavy material that decomposes into ash and loses weight. 

Natural Gas: Natural gas, like crude oil, is a nonrenewable gaseous resource that may be found beneath the earth’s crust. Methane makes up the majority of natural gas, although it can also contain propane, ethane, and butane. Because methane has no odor, it is mixed with a chemical to make it smell so that it may be identified if there is a leak.
Natural gas is extracted and transported to processing plants, where propane and butane, which are used to make liquefied petroleum gas, are extracted. Natural gas is used to heat homes, as well as in gas cookers, stoves, and barbecues. Natural gas is a “cleaner” fossil fuel than oil or coal, and it is relatively inexpensive. Only carbon dioxide and water vapor are created when natural gas is burnt (the same gases that humans breath!). This is a far greater option over coal. 

示例问题

问题一：岩石和矿物有什么区别？

回答：

Rocks	Minerals
Rock is a naturally occurring mineral aggregate.	Minerals are naturally occurring homogenous substances having a clear interior structure.
Rocks lack a distinct chemical composition.	Minerals have a distinct chemical composition.
Some of the most common types of rocks include basalt, granite, sandstone, slate, and quartz.	Some minerals found on Earth include iron, silicon, magnesium, nickel, and calcium.

问题 2：煤炭作为能源的重要性是什么？

回答：

Coal is the most extensively available and widely used energy source.

• It is used to generate electricity, deliver energy to industry, and meet home demands.
• It is utilised as a raw material in the production of coal tar and coal gas.
• It is utilised as a fuel to power steam engines in railways and industry.
• Cooking coal is also required for blast furnace smelting of iron ore. 

问题 3：必须采取哪些步骤来确保以有计划和可持续的方式使用矿产资源？

回答：

Following steps to be taken:

•  Recycling is a significant feature of minerals. Containers, aluminium cans, coins, and other similar materials are the most commonly recycled.
•  Minerals are non-replaceable, hence alternate resources are required. Another critical component is resource planning.
• The resource should be used in such a way that future generations are not inconvenienced. Priorities must be established in advance so that resources may be allocated appropriately.
• Important technology must be improved to reduce waste throughout the various procedures of extracting minerals from ores. 

问题4：泥炭和无烟煤的重要特征是什么？

回答：

Peat:  

• Peat is produced by decaying plants in marshes.
• It is burned as fuel or applied to soil to improve texture or increase water retention. 

Anthracite: 

• It is used in the metal smelting and fabrication sectors, particularly as a reduction agent in a variety of applications such as briquetting charcoal, iron ore pellets, and other purposes.
• It contains more than 90% carbon per kilograms and has the highest heating content per kg.
• It is also required in residential and commercial spaces, as well as for heating.

问题5：原子能是如何产生的？

回答：

• Nuclear or atomic energy is the energy gained by modifying the structure of an atom.
• When the structure of a radioactive atom, such as uranium, thorium, or plutonium, is altered, a significant quantity of energy is released.
• The heat produced by such a process is utilised to create electricity.